B0047Y0FJ6 EBOK (42 page)

Young College Men from South Organize
:
Southern Utopia Fraternity ephemera, Gumby Papers, Columbia University, New York.

It is now that your help is needed
:
Letter from Alexander Gumby to the members of the Southern Utopia Fraternity, November 26, 1917. Gumby Papers, Columbia University, New York.

“S.U.F. was organized”
: Ibid.

May the banner
:
Ibid.

other organizations were formed
: Charles S. Johnson, “The New Frontage on American Life,” in
The New Negro: An Interpretation,
edited by Alain Locke (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1925), 284.

in the years from 1914
:
Gumby, Untitled Autobiographical Essay, 5.

Gumby took out a lease
: Ibid.

“for my personal use”
: Ibid.

Gumby’s scrapbooks went on view
: Ibid., 6.

forget all those things
:
Zora Neale Hurston,
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006), 1.

Gumby’s Spode china
: Wirth,
Gay Rebel,
28.

In December 1929
: “Negro History in Scrapbooks,”
New York Times
, December 27, 1929.

That same month
: Gumby, Untitled Autobiographical Essay, 6 – 7.

Maurice Hunter, artist’s model
:
“Debutantes Play Hostesses at Sunday Afternoon Tea at Gumby’s Studio,”
New York Amsterdam News
, April 30, 1930.

While much cannot be said
:
“Book Studio Marks Fifth Anniversary,”
New York Amsterdam News,
February 26, 1930.

Not only does Mr. Gumby
:
“Gumby’s Studio Anniversary,”
New York News
, March 1, 1930.

In 1930, Gumby also launched
:
Gumby’s Book Studio Quarterly: A Journal of Discussion
, in Gumby Papers, Columbia University, New York.

“The Gumby Book Studio, 2144 5th Avenue”
:
New York News
, May 31, 1930.

The loss of my Studio
:
Gumby, Untitled Autobiographical Essay, 7.

An advertisement for the benefit
: Gumby “Arts Ball” Benefit ephemera, Gumby Papers, Columbia University, New York.

“Dear Gumby, just to say hello”
:
Ibid.

certain first editions
:
Gumby, Untitled Autobiographical Essay, 7.

our gentlemen’s agreement
:
Ibid.

“I decided to remove all Negro items”
: Ibid., 8.

Yes, thing have been different
:
“The Road Back: Alexander Gumby Plans Comeback with New Art Studio,”
New York Amsterdam News
, December 8, 1934.

“Now, I believe that there should be some place in Harlem”
: Ibid.

charged at all times
:
Ibid.

I have not the slightest doubt
:
Ibid.

I want the white people
:
Milt Feingold, “Negroana Collection Housed at Columbia,”
Columbia Daily Spectator,
1952.

making scrapbooks on Columbia
:
Ibid.

Whether or not I have succeeded
:
Gumby, Untitled Autobiographical Essay, 8.

“My greatest ambition”
: “Negro History in Scrapbooks,”
New York Times,
December 27, 1929.

Gumby’s personal book plate
: L. S. Alexander Gumby, Ex Libris, in Gumby Papers, Columbia University, New York.

“Harlem Hunches” for the year 1944
: See Rajah Rabo,
Rajah Rabo’s 5-Star Mutuel Dream Book for Lottery and Lotto
(Mt. Vernon, NY: Vernon Book Sales, 1944).

Seventh was always Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard
: See Sanna Feirstein,
Naming New York: Manhattan Places and How They Got Their Names
(New York: New York University Press, 2001).

Other flyers reminded
: Flyers from author’s private collection.

The propagandist and agitator accepted compensation
: George Barner, “Some Hurt as State Takes Over 125th St. Area,”
New York Amsterdam News,
April 8, 1967.

the Harlem Community Coalition
: Peter Siskind, “ ‘Rockefeller’s Vietnam’? Black Politics and Urban Development in Harlem, 1969 – 1974,”
http://www.gothamcenter.org/festival/2001/confpapers/siskind.pdf
(accessed May 18, 2010).

Congressman Powell averred
:
Samuel M. Johnson,
Often Back: The Tales of Harlem
(New York: Vantage Press, 1971), 206.

In the eyes of his detractors
: See Wil Haygood,
King of the Cats: The Life and Times of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
(New York: Amistad, 2006).

the building Powell detested was renamed in his memory
: Laurie Johnston and Susan Heller Anderson, “Name Change to Honor a Harlem Hero,”
New York Times,
July 20, 1983.

“the nation’s number one Black Nationalist”
: Johnson,
Often Back
(photo caption on an unnumbered page).

convincing Negroes of their innate ability
:
Ibid., 168.

speak of great Negroes of long ago
:
Ibid.

When the explorers opened
:
Ibid., 169.

Born in the Dominican Republic
: Ibid., 168.

Carlos Cooks was to Black Nationalism
:
Robert Acemendeces Harris, “Carlos A. Cooks: A True Blackman,” http://www.theblacklist.net/CarlosCooks.htm (accessed December 18, 2008).

one issue reprinted a speech
: “Sékou Touré Addressed the United Nations,”
The Black Challenge,
1961, 7.

Zimbabwe was in its noonday
:
“The Ruins of Zimbabwe,” Ibid.

The Contributions of Carlos Cooks
:
Robert Acemendeces Harris, “The Contributions of Carlos Cooks,” http://www.theblacklist.net/CarlosCooks.htm (accessed December 18, 2008).

a stone monument
:
Ibid.

The date, day, and time
: Ibid.

Consequently, the programs of the ANPM
:
Ibid.

“We submit that the Black people of Harlem”
: “Buy Black,”
The Black Challenge,
1961, 19.

tied to the back of a truck and dragged
: See Dina Temple-Raston,
A Death in Texas
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002).

a small-town drug bust
: See Nate Blakeslee,
Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption in a Small Texas Town
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2006).

Juneteenth celebrated the date
: See Charles William Ramsdell,
Reconstruction in Texas
(New York: General Books, 2009).

The hotel is famous for hosting Fidel Castro
: Christopher Gray, “Fidel Castro Slept Here,”
New York Times,
April 30, 2009.

headquarters of the Organization of Afro-American Unity
: Malcolm X, “The Founding Rally of the Organization of Afro-American Unity,” in
By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X Speeches & Writings
(New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992), 33 – 67.

a three-hour shutdown
: Flyer from author’s private collection.

the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
: See Beth Tompkins Bates,
Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black America, 1925 – 1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).

“Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work”
: See Cheryl Greenberg,
“Or Does It Explode?”: Black Harlem in the Great Depression
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 114 – 39.

“black-out” boycott against Consolidated Edison
: Ibid.

the largest single-parcel real estate deal
: The property at the center of this record sale was owned by “MPL LLC.” At several meetings, activists suggested that MPL LLC was another name for Maxine Lynne Properties. Eugene Giscombe is listed in public records as the president/CEO of Maxine Lynne Properties. Giscombe, president of Giscombe Henderson Properties, was the real estate broker in charge of the sale.

I told them in Harlem
: Marcus Garvey, “Speech by Marcus Garvey” (Ward Theatre, Kingston; 18 December 1927), in
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. VII: November 1927 – August 1940,
edited by Robert A. Hill (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 48.

UNIA membership had reached the millions
: Garvey’s membership claims were always in dispute. See Edmund David Cronon,
Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), 204 – 6.

“So Negroes, I say”
: Marcus Garvey, “An Inspiring Vision,” in
Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, or, Africa for the Africans
(London: Cass, 1967), 58.

“PREPARE TO DEFEND YOURSELF!”
: Advertisement in
The Messenger,
Vol. 5, No. 2 (February 1923), 589.

“HARLEM TOWN HALL MEETING”
: Flyer from author’s private collection.

Columbia University’s plan to expand its campus
: Timothy Williams, “Land Dispute Pits Columbia vs. Residents in West Harlem,”
New York Times,
November 20, 2006.

a plan to build an athletic facility
: Stefan M. Bradley,
Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 39 – 62.

the complicity of various black politicians
: David Dinkins, mayor of New York from 1990 to 1994 and the first African American to hold that office, attended public hearings held by West Harlem’s Community Board 9 on August 15, 2007. Dinkins testified in favor of the plan, and he was heckled by community members. See Sewell Chan, “Panel Rejects Columbia’s Expansion Plan,”
New York Times
City Room Blog, August 16, 2007.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/panel-rejects-columbias-expansion-plan/
(accessed May 18, 2010). Dinkins’s written testimony for a later hearing can be found at
http://neighbors.columbia.edu/pages/manplanning/community/cctestimony/DinkinsTestimony.pdf
(accessed May 18, 2010). Dinkins is professor in the Practice of Public Affairs at Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Kenneth J. Knuckles, the vice chairman of the City Planning Commission, was one of the ten members of that body who voted in favor of Columbia’s expansion plan on November 26, 2007. Knuckles was for seven years vice president of Support Services at Columbia University.

Columbia students organizing
: Allison Abell Schwartz, “Columbia Students Begin Hunger Strike Over Expansion,”
Bloomberg News,
November 8, 2007.
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=au5qyI2PRq7o&refer=us
(accessed May 18, 2010).

Columbia’s decision to ignore
: Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Columbia Ignores Peril,”
Village Voice
(New York), October 1, 2008.

following a Supreme Court decision
: Michael White, “Columbia Pulls a Kelo,”
New York Sun,
December 20, 2007.

He’d been brought in a van
: Anna Phillips, “Key Committee Rejects Expansion Plan,”
Columbia Spectator,
August 16, 2007.

“What will Harlem be”
: James Weldon Johnson, “Harlem: The Culture Capital,” in
The New Negro: An Interpretation,
edited by Alain Locke (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1925), 308.

the idea of separatism
:
A. Philip Randolph, quoted on New York City Parks Department plaque at A. Philip Randolph Square, Seventh Avenue at 116th Street, Harlem.

an innovative experiment in slum clearance
: See
The House on W. 114th Street
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1968).

Some members were concerned
:
Nina Siegal, “Neighborhood Report: Harlem. A Wary Welcome for a Middle-Class Housing Plan,”
New York Times,
September 13, 1998.

Reverend Brown’s Sunday sermons
: Johnson, “Harlem: The Culture Capital,” 306.

Revolution is based on land
:
Malcolm X, “Message to the Grassroots,” in
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements,
edited by George Breitman (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990), 3 – 17.

Brothers and sisters
:
Lyrics to “Black Star Line,” 1924. Recording: Edison Collection, Library of Congress.

The Black Star Line
: See Marcus Garvey,
Marcus Garvey Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers
, edited by Robert A. Hill (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 67 – 91.

A letter published in the October 1921
:
Salvation of the Negro,
letter to the editor published in
The Crusader
(October 1921), 26.

the deals between various African governments and various Chinese companies
: Sanusha Naidu and Martyn Davies, “China Fuels Its Future with Africa’s Riches,” in
South African Journal of International Affairs
13 (Winter/Spring 2006): 69 – 83.

using black foster children for unauthorized experimental drug treatments
: Janny Scott and Leslie Kaufman, “Belated Charge Ignites Furor over AIDS Drug Trial,”
New York Times,
July 17, 2005.

Hail Lumumba! Man of Africa
: “The Awakening Call,”
The Black Challenge,
1961, 16.