B00BY4HXME EBOK (43 page)

CHAPTER
6

1
. On the MMM scheme in Russia, see William Rosenberg,
The Democratic Experience in the Transitional Russia. In Extending the Borders of Russian History: Essays in Honor of Alfred Rieber
(Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2003), 525–526. On the Albanian civil war of 1997, see Dirk Bezemer (ed.),
On Eagle’s Wings: The Albanian Economy in Transition
(New York: Nova Science, 2008), 22–24.

2
. International Crisis Group,
Strangers at Home: North Koreans in the South Report N°208
, (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011), 17.

3
. Elisabeth Bumiller and David Sanger, “Gates Warns of North Korea Missile Threat to U.S.,”
New York Times
, January 11, 2011.

4
. Doug Waller, “The Second Time Around for Bob Gates,”
Time
, December 4, 2006.

BOX
13

1
. “Korean Unification Will Cost Over US$3 Trln, Experts Say,”
Asia Pulse
, September 14, 2010. Original report available at the website of the FKI,
www.fki.or.kr
.

2
. “Think-Tank Estimates Unification Cost for Koreas at $2.14 tln,”
Korea Herald
, February 27, 2011.

3
. Kim Hee-jin, “Post-Kim Unification Cost Estimates Keep Rising,” Korea Joongang Daily, January 12, 2012.

4
. The report is not publicly available, but Credit Suisse funding was reported at the time. See, for example, “Peace Worries Some Korea Watchers More than War,”
China Post
, October 28, 2009.

5
. Peter Beck, “Contemplating Korean Reunification,”
Wall Street Journal
, January 4, 2010.

The abbreviations N.K. and S.K. stand for “North Korea” and “South Korea.”

Agreed Framework Treaty,
151

agriculture

Agricultural Union,
40

fertilizers,
77
,
78
,
165

irrigation,
78

1990s collapse of,
78
–80

private plots,
36
–37,
83
,
121

private sales,
141

reforms under Kim Jong Un,
141

state farms,
36
–37,
77
–78,
83

terraced fields,
78

See also
famines; food supply

Albania,
241
–42

Anti-Imperialist Union,
52

April Revolution,
27

archaeological sites,
86

Armistice Treaty,
11
,
27

See also
Korean War

badges.
See
clothing

Banco Delta Asia (BDA),
154
,
157
,
206

Beck, Peter,
226
,
236

Brezhnev, Leonid,
18
–19

Burma,
31
,
147

Bush, George W.,
154
,
157

capitalism.
See
China; economy of North Korea

cell phones.
See
consumer goods

Central Committee,
143

Central Military Committee,
134

Chad,
64

Chang, Song-t’aek,
135
,
137

Cheonan
(South Korean ship),
179

child mortality,
64

See also
health care

Chile,
182

China

agricultural collectives,
16
–17

capitalism,
75

child mortality,
64

Chinese Civil War,
26

Communism,
3
,
5
–6,
10
,
16
–17,
75
,
110
,
213

Cultural Revolution,
19

as developmental dictatorship,
110
,
195

economic growth,
110
,
180
,
182
–83

economic reforms,
75
,
109
–10,
112
–13,
114
,
213
,
214

famine,
17
,
79
–80

foreign aid to N.K.,
19
–20,
73
–74,
75
,
76
,
152
,
154
,
156
,
176
,
184
–85,
211

future relationship with N.K.,
192
–202

Great Leap Forward,
17
,
73
,
79
–80

Kim Il Sung in,
2

Korean War,
11

North Korean refugees to,
90
–91,
94
–95,
102
–03,
123
,
181

nuclear research,
147

political persecution,
46

porous border with N.K.,
86
,
92
,
123
,
225

relationship with N.K.,
11
,
19
,
31
,
156
,
179
–85

relationship with Soviet Union,
11
,
20
,
76

and special economic zones,
170
,
171
,
172

territory dispute with S.K.,
181
,
201

trade with N.K.,
87
,
182

and World War II,
2
,
3
,
4

See also
Manchuria; Maoism; Mao, Zedong

Chinese Civil War,
26

Chongjin, N.K.,
123

Chongryon (Chosen Soren),
23
,
24

Christianity

persecution under Kim Il Sung,
7
–8

and s
ŏ
ngbun system,
41

Chung, Ju-yung,
165

Churchill, Winston,
260

citizens.
See
daily life of citizens

Clemens, Walter,
148

Clinton, Bill,
151
–52,
177

clothing

badges,
33
,
51

during Kim Il Sung era,
87

during Kim Jong Il era,
87
,
90
,
91

restrictions on women,
90
,
223

Cold War,
3
,
75
,
96

college.
See
education

Communism

collapse of,
114
,
159
,
213
,
229

and currency reform,
127

Czechoslovakia,
228

East Asian/Chinese version of,
3
,
5
–6,
10
,
16
–17,
75
,
110
,
213

Eastern European,
5
,
26
,
75
,
114
,
159
,
213
–14,
241
,
250

founding fathers of,
13
–15

gender relations under,
24
–26

and government debt,
20

isolationist policies,
43
–45

and Juche propaganda,
57

Poland,
229

Politburos under,
13

and South Korean Left,
159
–60

Soviet,
6
,
16
,
18
,
24
–26,
159
,
213

state farms under,
36

“United Front” strategy,
28
–29

See also
China; Eastern Europe; North Korea (DPRK); Soviet Union; Vietnam

computers.
See
consumer goods

Confucianism,
50

consumer goods

cell phones,
97
,
231

during Kim Il Sung era,
34
–36

during Kim Jong Il era,
87
,
93
,
103
–04

DVDs,
103
,
130
,
189
,
190
,
216
,
225
,
227

electronics and computers,
103
–04,
130
,
189
,
190
,
225

luxury goods,
189

See also
clothing

Cultural Revolution,
19

Cumings, Bruce,
51

currency reform.
See
economy of North Korea

Czechoslovakia,
228
,
229

daily life of citizens

awareness of outside world,
102
–08,
112
,
190
–91,
214
–17,
225

government control over,
34
–45,
65
,
89
–90,
107
–08,
117

health care,
64
–66

hereditary groups,
41
–42

housing,
37
,
143
–44

inminban system,
38
–39,
40
,
43
,
45

interactions with foreigners,
44
,
91

isolationist policies,
39
,
43
–45,
53
,
113
,
117
,
173
,
190
,
213

media/publications,
44
,
45
,
52
,
99
–102

mutual criticism sessions,
41
,
107

organizational life,
39
–41,
45
,
122

radio,
39
,
43
–44,
89
,
217
,
225
,
226

s
ŏ
ngbun
system,
41
–42,
84

travel,
37
–38,
89
,
90
–91,
93

See also
clothing; consumer goods; education; employment; food supply; infrastructure; markets; marriage

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK).
See
North Korea (DPRK)

Deng, Xiaoping,
193

Denmark,
21

dictatorships, developmental,
109
–10,
195

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)

establishment of,
11

potential future skirmishes,
178

Seoul’s proximity to,
205

tensions in 1960s,
30
–31

travel permits for,
38

DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea).
See
North Korea (DPRK)

drugs

production of,
86
–87

smuggling,
21
,
86
,
87
,
112

East Asia

Communism,
5
–6,
16
–17,
75

economic growth,
109
–10

nuclear arms race,
182

See also
China; Japan

Eastern Europe

collapse of Communism,
26
,
75
,
114
,
213
–14,
241
,
250

Communist ideology,
5

gender relations,
25
,
26

lustration system,
250

“second society,”
228
–29

See also
Czechoslovakia; East Germany; Poland; Soviet Union

East Germany

Cold War refugees,
96

overthrow of regime,
112
,
114

per capita income,
160

and reunification,
245

economy of North Korea

capitalism “from below,”
82
–88,
119
,
120
,
189

collapse (1990s),
xiii
,
26
,
32
,
74
,
75
,
76
–80,
82
–91,
149

consumer goods.
See
consumer goods

currency reform,
123
,
126
–32

current stagnation,
216

economic reforms,
xv
,
75
,
109
,
110
–19,
120
,
145
,
189
–90,
215
–16

employment.
See
employment

foreign aid.
See
foreign aid

foreign currency,
87

industries.
See
industries

joint North-South enterprises,
165
–70,
175
–76,
219
–21

markets.
See
markets

middle class,
189

military spending,
71
–72

newly rich citizens,
91
–93

per capita GDP,
64
,
112
,
150
,
188
–89

“7.1 measures,”
111
,
119
–20

slowdown (1970s),
35
,
66
–67,
70
,
71
–74

“spirit of self-reliance,”
72
–73,
88

as state secret,
70
,
77

trade.
See
trade

See also
agriculture; infrastructure; North Korea (Kim Il Sung era); North Korea (Kim Jong Il era); private enterprise

economy of South Korea

agriculture,
69

current slowdown,
173

dependence on foreign markets,
178

economic growth,
xiii
,
28
,
43
,
70
–72,
105

economic reforms,
109
–10

employment,
98

income equality,
105
–06

joint North-South enterprises,
165
–70,
175
–76,
219
–21