B00BY4HXME EBOK (46 page)

North Korean justification for,
149

nuclear tests,
156
,
176
,
204
,
253

proliferation threat,
147

research program,
147
–49,
253

“second nuclear crisis,”
153
–55,
164

six-party talks,
155
,
157
,
200
,
255
–56

South Korean response to,
177

“three no’s” approach,
253
–55

UN Security Council response,
156
,
176

U.S. response to,
146
–47,
148
,
177
,
179
,
203
–04,
252
–55

Obama, Barack,
175

Olympic games,
32
,
222

opening to outside world

digital technologies,
217
,
227
–28

DVDs,
103
,
130
,
189
,
190
,
216
,
225
,
227

exchange programs,
216
,
217
–19,
225

and Im-Su-gyong’s visit,
222
–25

leaflets,
226
–27

radio broadcasts,
190
,
225
,
226

role in speeding change,
216
,
258
–60

role of North Korean refugees,
230
–31

“second society,”
228
–30

See also
daily life of citizens

organizational life,
39
–41,
45
,
122

outside world.
See
daily life of citizens; opening to outside world

Pak, Ch
ŏ
ng-ae,
14
,
26

Pak, H
ŏ
n-Y
ŏ
ng,
13
,
46

Pak, Il-u,
14

Pakistan,
147

Pak, Keong-Suk,
79

Pak, Nam-gi,
131

Party Youth,
40

People’s Daily
(Peking newspaper),
44

Poland

Communist collapse,
229

democracy movement,
226

N.K. ambassador to,
54

political persecution

of Christians,
7
–8

during Kim Il Sung’s regime,
45
–49,
91

during Kim Jong Il’s regime,
89
,
90
–91

family responsibility principle,
47
–48,
91

police informers,
49

prison camps,
xiii
,
6
,
45
–49,
91

secretiveness of,
46
–47

trials,
46
,
47

Pol Pot,
16

Pravda
(Moscow newspaper),
18
,
44

prison camps

contemporary,
45
–46,
47

during Kim Il Sung’s regime,
xiii
,
6
,
45
–49

family responsibility principle,
47
–48,
91

zones in,
48
–49

private enterprise

as capitalism “from below,”
82
–88,
119
,
120
,
189

elimination of,
34
–35

money dealers,
87

and new rich,
92
–93

restaurants,
85
,
91
–92,
93

transportation,
85
–86

wholesalers,
84
–85

See also
markets

propaganda

anti-American,
56
,
57
–58

anti-South Korean,
56
,
58
–59,
60
–61

See also
North Korea (Kim Il Sung era); North Korea (Kim Jong Il era)

property rights

and Land Reform Law,
6
,
7
,
240
–41

of women,
25

public distribution system (PDS)

advantages of,
124
–25

collapse of,
78
–79,
88
–89,
108
,
125

creation of,
35

and currency reform,
129

food prices under,
120
,
121
–22,
125

recent revival,
108
,
121
–22

Pueblo
seizure,
30
–31

Pugachev
(ship),
1

purges of 1950s.
See
Great Purge

Pyongyang, N.K.

as capital of North Korea,
xi
,
9

and currency reform,
129
–30

fiction of “one Korea,”
95

grain rationing,
35

housing,
143
–44

and Korean War,
142
–43

Mansu Hill statue,
33
–34,
48
,
51
,
143

March 1st Uprising of 1919,
52

money transfers from Japan,
24

new rich in,
91
–92

reconstruction,
142
–43,
144

restaurants,
91
–92,
189

riots,
107
–08

as Soviet headquarters,
2

travel permits for,
38
,
89
,
113

Qaddafi, Muammar,
149
,
210

Radio Free Asia,
226

Radio Free Europe,
226

radios

in North Korea,
39
,
43
–44,
89
,
217
,
225
,
226

opening of N.K. through,
190
,
225
,
226

and Polish democracy movement,
226

in post-Stalinist Russia,
43
–44

Rajin-Sonbong Special Economic Zone,
111

Rason, N.K.,
92
,
170
–71

Republic of Korea (ROK).
See
South Korea (ROK)

restaurant industry,
85
,
91
–92,
93
,
189

retail industry,
85

Revolutionary Party of Unification,
29

Rhee, Syngman,
8
,
10
,
27
,
63

rice.
See
grain; public distribution system (PDS)

Rim, Hwawon,
80
–82

riots

Chongjin,
123

Pyongyang,
107
–08

Ri, Sol Ju,
56
,
140

Rodong Shinmun
(newspaper),
18
,
99
–102

Roehrig, Terence,
111

Roh, Moo Hyun,
163
,
173
,
174
,
221

Romania,
194

Russia, Maritime Provinces,
181

Ryugyong Hotel,
144

s
ŏ
ngbun
system,
41
–42,
84

salaries.
See
employment

Sartre, Jean-Paul,
17

Scandinavia,
20
–21

Schulte, Gregory,
146

“Second Korean War,”
28
–29

Seoul National University,
161
,
246

Seoul, S.K

fiction of “one Korea,”
95

as North Korean capital,
9

Olympic games,
32
,
222

post-war,
3

proximity to DMZ,
205

as South Korea capital,
9

“7.1 measures” (July
1
measures),
111
,
119
–20

Shtykov, Terentii,
7

Sino-Soviet split,
16
–20,
28
,
76

Sintsova, Katya (fictional character),
80
–82

Sinuiju, N.K.,
171
–72

Six-Party talks,
155
,
157
,
200
,
255
–56

Smith, Jeffrey,
151

smuggling

across Chinese border,
86
,
92

alcohol,
20
,
21

drugs,
21
,
86
,
87
,
112

Somalia,
196
–97

Song, Du-yul,
30

Song, Hye-rim,
55

South Africa,
250

South Korea (ROK)

agriculture,
69
,
78

April Revolution,
27

creation of,
2
,
9

as developmental dictatorship,
109
–10

diplomatic relations with U.S.,
157
,
158

education,
58
,
97
,
99
,
158

employment,
98

foreign aid to N.K.,
151
,
152
,
154
,
156
,
164
–65,
172
,
174
–75

generational shift (“386 generation”),
158
–62,
163
,
174

kidnappings by N.K.,
22

Kim Dae Jung administration,
162
–63,
164
,
174

Korean War.
See
Korean War

Lee Myung Bak administration,
173
–74,
175
,
176

Leftists,
8
,
29
–30,
105
–06,
159
–60,
162
–63,
174

mass opposition movements,
27

North Korean propaganda,
56
,
58
–59,
60
–61

North Korean refugees,
7
–8,
95
–99,
102
–03,
230
–31

nuclear weapons program,
147
–48,
182

passenger jet bombing,
32
,
205

post-WWII Communist movement,
3

prosperity,
43
,
103
–05,
109
–10,
112
,
158
,
214
,
215

Pyongyang as early capital,
9

reforestation program,
28

remittances to North Korea,
97

Right-leaning politics,
8
,
158
,
162
,
173
,
174
,
221

Roh Moo Hyun administration,
163
,
173
,
174
,
221

sinking of
Cheonan
,
179

Sunshine Policy,
163
–65,
172
,
173
,
221

Syngman Rhee regime,
8
,
10
,
27
,
63

territory dispute with China,
181
,
201

trade with China,
182

“Vision 3000” plan,
174
–75

welfare system,
97

See also
economy of South Korea; Seoul, S.K.; unification

South Vietnam,
28
,
113

See also
Vietnam War

Soviet Union

agitprop,
214

Cold War,
3
,
75

collapse of,
75
,
114
,
149
,
213
–14,
241

Communism,
6
,
16
,
18

currency reform of 1947,
126

domestic travel,
38

during World War II,
3
–4

economy,
76

exchange students,
44
,
217
–18

facade of success in 1950s,
9

famine in 1930s,
9

farm collectives,
9
,
36
–37

foreign aid for North Korea,
xiii
,
19
–20,
73
–74,
75
,
76
,
77

gender equality,
24
–25

and Korean War,
11
–12

and Mikhail Gorbachev,
75
,
193
,
218

Non-Proliferation Treaty with North Korea,
148
,
151
,
154
,
181

nuclear weapons program,
10
,
147
,
148

Politburo,
7

political persecution,
46
,
47

post-Stalin changes,
16
,
68

radios,
43
–44

relations with China,
11
,
20
,
76

relations with United States,
75
,
76

“second society” in,
228
–29

Sino-Soviet split,
16
–20,
28
,
76

takeover of North Korea,
2
–3

trade,
73
,
76
,
88

See also
North Korea (Kim Il Sung era/1948-1994)

special economic zones (SEZ),
170
–72

Stalin, Joseph,
4
,
6
,
10
,
50

See also
Soviet Union

state enterprise.
See
employment

Straub, David,
184

Sunshine Policy,
163
–65,
172
,
173
,
221

Sweden,
21

Syria,
147

Taedong River,
143

Taiwan,
109
–10,
113

Thailand,
95

Tokyo Shimbun
,
116
,
135

trade

with China,
87
,
182