Been in the Storm So Long (127 page)

85.
Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 213, 218, 328–29. See also Scarborough,
The Overseer
, 163–64.

86.
Joseph LeConte,
’Ware Sherman: A Journal of Three Months’ Personal Experience in the Last Days of the Confederacy
(Berkeley, Calif., 1938), 133–34; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” 100–01; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 53.

87.
Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” 444; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 81;
Christian Recorder
, May 28, 1864; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 162; Dawson,
Confederate Girl’s Diary
, 185. For other examples, see Stone,
Brokenburn
, 205; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for End of May 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman
, 114.

88.
Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 36; LeGrand,
Journal
, 130; Scarborough,
The Overseer
, 154–55; Sitterson,
Sugar Country
, 209–10.

89.
Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 318;
New York Times
, Oct. 17, 1863; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1248; Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman
, 114; Rogers,
History of Georgetown County
, 422; Bragg,
Louisiana in the Confederacy
, 216; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 46, 51–52.

90.
Alexander F. Pugh, Ms. Plantation Diary, entry for Nov. 5, 1862, A. F. Pugh Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Scarborough,
The Overseer
, 153; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 52; Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,” 22.

91.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 532; Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 218, 223.

92.
W. McKee Evans,
Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1966), 76; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 197.

93.
Typical examples may be found in Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entries for March 4, 11, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Everard Green Baker, Ms. Diary, entry for Dec. 26, 1862, Univ. of North Carolina; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 22; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 298; LeConte,
’Ware Sherman
, 32; Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 196; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1218–19; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 207–08;
New York Tribune
, March 23, 1865; Simkins and Patton,
Women of the Confederacy
, 164–65; Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came
, 68, 134.

94.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 528.

95.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 70; Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
, 296–97; Smedes,
Memorials
of a Southern Planter
, 194–95; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 11–12. For other examples, see Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came
, 21; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XTV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 250.

96.
Washington,
Up from Slavery
, 19; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 170; VII: Okla. Narr., 337–38; Trowbridge,
The South
, 391; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for March 31, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

97.
Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for End of May, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Dawson,
Confederate Girl’s Diary
, 212; Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 544. Two months earlier, on May 2, 1865, Mary Chesnut had noted in her diary: “The fidelity of the Negroes is the principal topic everywhere. There seems not a single case of a Negro who betrayed his master …”
Ibid.
, 527–28.

98.
Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 221. See also LeConte,
’Ware Sherman
, 105–06, 125.

99.
Andrews (ed.),
Women of the South in War Times
, 239; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 26. For similar examples of slave “betrayal,” see Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for Dec. 12, 1864, Duke Univ.; Robert Philip Howell, Ms. Memoirs [17], Univ. of North Carolina; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 35; Smedes,
Memorials of a Southern Planter
, 194; Andrews (ed.),
Women of the South in War Times
, 263–64; Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came
, 21–22, 235, 243; Bettersworth (ed.),
Mississippi in the Confederacy
, 210; Johns,
Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers
, 191; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, II: S. C. Narr. (Part 1), 69, (Part 2), 329–30; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 245; VI: Ala. Narr., 78–79; VII: Okla. Narr., 211; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 76; Hepworth,
Whip, Hoe, and Sword
, 142–44.

100.
New York Times
, July 29, 1863, Dec. 12, 1861; Catherine Barbara Broun, Ms. Diary, entry for May 1, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina.

101.
Hepworth,
Whip, Hoe, and Sword
, 144–45; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 209.

102.
Smedes,
Memorials of a Southern Planter
, 197; House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 107; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for Dec. 12, 1864, Duke Univ.

103.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 503; Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 236; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for End of May 1865, Univ. of South Carolina. See also Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 35.

104.
Bell I. Wiley,
The Plain People of the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge, 1944), 83; Robert Philip Howell, Ms. Memoirs [17–18], Univ. of North Carolina; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 145; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for May 18, 1865; House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 102; “Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Univ. of North Carolina. See also Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 190, and Stone,
Brokenburn
, 193, 195, 198, 199, 203, 208–09, 363.

105.
Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Beach to her parents, July 29, 1864, in Smith (ed.), “The Yankees in New Albany,” 46; Andrews,
War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl
, 321–22.

106.
Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 190; Lillian A. Pereyra,
James Lusk Alcorn: Persistent Whig
(Baton Rouge, 1966), 79.

107.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten History, 221; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 225. For a discussion of the house servant in slavery, see Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 328–65.

108.
Smedes,
Memorials of a Southern Planter
, 198; Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 253; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 73. For house servants who “behaved outrageously,” see also Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Aug. 21, 29, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Louisa T. Lovell to Capt. Joseph Lovell, Feb. 7, 1864, Quitman Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 1248; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 192; Stone,
Brokenburn
, 173, 176; Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 207; Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 354; Jones (ed.),
When Sherman Came
, 130.

109.
Richmond Examiner
, quoted in Frank Moore (ed.),
The Rebellion Record
(11 vols.; New York, 1861–68), IV, Part IV, 101–02; Andrews,
War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl
, 344. See also Ravenel,
Private Journal
, 218, 221, 251, 269–70, and Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence,” 100.

110.
House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 102; LeGrand,
Journal
, 263; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 261–63. On June 19, 1862, Edmund Ruffin made this entry in his diary: “Why this property & Marlbourne should be especially losers of slaves, cannot be understood, for nowhere were they better cared for, or better managed & treated, according to their condition of slavery.”
Diary
, II, 346.

111.
Myers (ed.),
Children of Pride
, 427; Du Bois,
Black Reconstruction
, 9.

112.
Murray,
Proud Shoes
, 159–60.

113.
“Narrative of William Wells Brown,” in Osofsky (ed.),
Puttin’ On Ole Massa
, 212; Philip S. Foner (ed.),
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(4 vols.; New York, 1950–55), 1, 157;
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
(3rd English ed.; Wortley, 1846), 40, 99.

114.
Scarborough,
The Overseer
, 16–19, 82–84, 93–94; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 365–88; E. L. Pierce,
The Negroes at Port Royal
(Boston, 1862), 8–10; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 132–33; S. H. Boineau to Charles Heyward, Nov. 24, 1864, Univ. of South Carolina.

115.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VI: Ala. Narr., 66; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 219. For the fate of the driver in the postwar period, see below, Chapter 8.

116.
Jesse Belflowers to Adele Petigru Allston, Oct. 19, 1864, in Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 310; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
, 17–18; Hitchcock,
Marching with Sherman
, 69–70; D. E. K. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 237; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 387; Ruffin,
Diary
, II, 317.

117.
John H. Ransdell to Gov. Thomas O. Moore, May 24, 1863, in Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana in 1863,” 493; Louis Manigault to Charles Manigault, Nov. 24, 1861, South Carolina Dept. of Archives and History, Columbia; Pierce,
Negroes at Port Royal
, 8–10; Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction
, 20, 80–81.

118.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 251, 253–55.

119.
Stone,
Brokenburn
, 171; Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

120.
Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 143n.;
New York Times
, April 2, 1865; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 99; Hitchcock,
Marching with Sherman
, 121–23.

121.
Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 112.

122.
“Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 23, 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Univ. of North Carolina.

123.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VI: Ala. Narr., 81–82.

124.
Ibid.
, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 151.

1.
Irwin Silber (ed.),
Soldier Songs and Home-Front Ballads of the Civil War
(New York, 1964), 41; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 212; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 117.

2.
WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 164–65, 201.

3.
John B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital
(2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1866; repr. in one volume, ed. Earl Schenck Miers, 1958), 528–30; Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1866
, 294; Swint (ed.),
Dear Ones at Home
, 90; Rembert W. Patrick,
The Fall of Richmond
(Baton Rouge, 1960), 41–58; Jones (ed.),
Heroines of Dixie
, 398; Putnam,
Richmond During the Confederacy
, 363–64.

4.
Christian Recorder
, April 8, 15, 22, 1865; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVI: Va. Narr., 35–37; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 103, 145–46. See also
New York Tribune
, April 6, 1865.

5.
Christian Recorder
, April 22, 1865.
See also
Black Republican
, May 20, 1865; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 212; Jones,
Rebel War Clerk’s Diary
, 530.

6.
Putnam,
Richmond During the Confederacy
, 367; Patrick,
Fall of Richmond
, 68–69; Phoebe Yates Pember,
A Southern Woman’s Story: Life in Confederate Richmond
(Jackson, Tenn., 1959), 135.

7.
New York Times
, April 11, 1865; McPherson,
Negro’s Civil War
, 67–68; Patrick,
Fall of Richmond
, 115. See also
Christian Recorder
, April 22, 1865.

8.
Hope R. Daggett to Rev. George Whipple, April 1865; Mary E. Watson to Rev. George Whipple, May 1, 1865; Miss Frances Littlefield to Rev. George Whipple, May 1, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives.

9.
Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 414–15.

10.
WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 205, 210; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVI: Va. Narr., 3, 5–6; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 36–39.

11.
Patrick,
Fall of Richmond
, 117–18;
New York Times
, April 30, 1865.