Blood Cries Afar (58 page)

460
   RW, ii, 194.

461
   For Willikin, see: G. R. Stephen, ‘A Note on William of Cassingham’,
Speculum
, 16, 1941; Sean McGlynn, ‘King John and the French Invasion of England’,
BBC History
, 11 (6), 2010, 28.

462
   RW, ii, 182.

463
   AB, 181.

464
   WM, 257.

465
   For the siege of Windsor and events surrounding it, see: RW, ii, 192–3; AB, 177, 179.

466
   For events up to mid-October, see: RW, ii,193–7; 180; RC, 182–4; Turner,
King John
, 256–7; Warren,
King John
, 253–6; Painter,
King John
, 376–7; Norgate,
John Lackland
, 277–81; Petit-Dutaillis, 109–110.

467
   Turner,
King John
, 256.

468
   AM, ii, 149.

469
   Stringer, ‘Kingship, Conflict and State-Making’, 129.

470
   RW, ii, 193; see also AM, ii 47.

471
   RC, 182.

472
   BC, 231.

473
   See Stringer, ‘Kingship, Conflict and State-Making’, 128.

474
   MP, ii 667. See also his
Historia Anglorum
, ii, 189–90.

475
   RW, ii, 193.

476
   BC, 231.

477
   BC, 232.

478
   For events see Holt,
Magna Carta and Medieval Government
,111–22 and the references in n.466.

479
   Holt,
Magna Carta and Medieval Government
, 117–18; see also Warren,
King John
, 278–85 (Appendix C).

480
   Stringer, ‘Kingship, Conflict and State-Making’, 129 n.113.

481
   Baldwin,
Government of Philip Augustus
, 333.

482
   Jane E. Sayers,
Papal Government and England During the Pontificate of Honorius III, 1216–1227
, Cambridge, 1984, 166–7.

483
   AB, 182.

484
   BC, 232; MP, ii, 669.

485
   WB, ii, 259.

486
   S.D. Church, ‘King’s John Testament and the Last Days of his Reign’,
EHR
, 125, 2010, 517.

487
   The following paragraph draws heavily on Church’s detailed study, especially at 521–2.

488
   Church, ‘King John’s Testament’, 528.

489
   Holt,
The Northeners
, 139.

490
   Holt,
Magna Carta and Medieval Government
, 122; RC, 184.

491
   HWM, 265.

492
   HWM, 269.

493
   HWM, 287.

494
   MP, iii, 3–4; HWM, 285.

495
   AB, 180–1.

496
   BC, 232.

497
   Gillingham,
Angevin Empire
, 108.

498
   Carpenter,
The Minority of Henry III
, 1990, 22.

499
   For a narrative of the events of Henry’s first year, see: Carpenter,
Minority
, ch. 2; K. Norgate,
The Minority of Henry III
, 1912, ch.1; F.M. Powicke,
King Henry III and the Lord Edward: The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century: Volume One
, Oxford, 1947, 1–18; F.M. Powicke,
The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307
, 2nd edn, Oxford, 1–14; Petit-Dutaillis,
Louis VIII
, chs. 8 and 9; Sivéry,
Louis VIII
, ch.7. For Henry’s reign and aspects of it, see also David Carpenter,
The Reign of Henry III
, 1996; Robert Stacey,
Politics, Policy and Finance under Henry III, 1216–1245
, Oxford, 1987; Weiler and Rowlands,
England and Europe un the Reign of Henry III
; Vincent,
Peter des Roches
(ch.4 deals with the civil war and its immediate aftermath); and the important series,
TCE
.

500
   Powicke,
Thirteenth Century
, 4. For the reissue of Magna Carta, see Holt,
Magna Carta
, 378–82; Turner,
Magna Carta
, 80–4; Norgate,
Minority
, 10–15; Stacey,
Politics, Policy and Finance
, 3–4. The Barnwell chronicler stresses the religious activity at this time: BC, 233–4.

501
   RW, ii, 199. See also AB, 182, who says a further truce was arranged.

502
   For Hertford and Berkhamstead: RW, ii, 200–1; AB, 182; HWM, 289. Hertford may have surrendered sooner: AM, ii 287.

503
   AM, iii, 47 and RW, ii, 201 for St Albans. St Albans was Wendover’s mother house.

504
   AB, 182.

505
   HWM, 289.

506
   See Carpenter,
Minority
, 26, for what follows.

507
   HWM, 275, 285.

508
   RW, ii, 205. See also MP, ii, 12–13 for Falkes’s later attempt at a very insincere reconciliation with the abbey.

509
   Norgate,
Minority
, 19; BC, 235.

510
   BC, 235; RW, ii, 206; WB, i, 312–13.

511
   RW, ii, 205; BC, 235 for the oath.

512
   For the combat at Rye, see AB 183–7; Anonymous of Béthune,
Recueil des Historiens de France
, xiv, 774 (which closely follows the
Histoire des Ducs
); HWM, 291–5.

513
   HWM, 257.

514
   Painter,
William Marshal
, 210–11.

515
   AB, 187.

516
   AB, 187.

517
   BC, 235–6.

518
   Christopher Tyerman,
England and the Crusades,
133–44. The quote is at 139.

519
   Carpenter,
Minority
, 29. And note how the Barnwell chronicler draws attention to Guala’s unpopularity: BC, 236.

520
   RW, ii, 205.

521
   Carpenter,
Minority
, 30–1, has fuller details.

522
   RW, ii, 205.

523
   AB, 187–8. Our main source for this period is HWM, 297–303. Petit-Dutaillis offers a brief paragraph (
Louis VIII
, 145). For what follows, see David Crouch’s valuable notes, HWM, iii, 169–70.

524
   David Crouch makes the point about the south coast movements: Crouch,
William Marshal
, 121.

525
   BC, 236.

526
   AB, 188.

527
   Robert of Auxerre, 36; HWM, 303.

528
   AB, 188–9.

529
   HWM, 305.

530
   For military activity in the south, see: AB, 189–93; HWM, 305–7; BC, 236–7.
The History of William Marshal
confirms the chronology at Winchester; see also David Crouch’s notes: HWM, iii, 171.

531
   HWM, 305. The biographer of William Marshal mistakingly notes that Louis’s army of heavily equipped knights ‘wisely rode straight past Farnham’ (305).

532
   Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, 136.

533
   AB, 192–3, is the only contemporary account of what follows.

534
   For Mountsorrel, see: RW, ii, 208–9, 211; HWM, 307; BC, 236–7; AM, iii, 49.

535
   Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, 127–31 (at 128–9). For the impact of ravaging, see: E.B. Fryde.
Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England
, Stroud, 1996, 220–26; J.J.N. Palmer, ‘The Conqueror’s Footprints in Domesday Book’, in Ayton and Price,
The Medieval Military Revolution
; J.J.N. Palmer, ‘War and Domesday Waste’, in Strickland,
Armies, Chivalry and Warfare
; McGlynn,
By Sword and Fire
, ch. 5; Sean McGlynn, ‘Sheer Terror’ and the Black Prince’s
Grand Chevauchée
of 1355’, in
The Hundred Years War: Volume 3
, eds Donald Kagay and Andrew Villalon, Leiden, forthcoming.

536
   Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard at War’,
ANW
, 151.

537
   AM, iii, 49.

538
   HWM, 307.

539
   RW, ii, 207.

540
   HWM, 309–13. I have omitted sections of the speech and adapted it here.

541
   For Lincoln, see: RW, ii, 211–19; HWM, 309–55; BC, 237; AM, iii, 49–50; 194–5; WB, ii, 313–14; Coss,
Political
Songs, 19–27; F.W. Brooks and F. Oakley, ‘The Campaign and Battle of Lincoln, 1217’,
Associated Architectural Societies’ Reports and Papers
, vol. 26., part 2, 1922; J.W.F. Hill,
Medieval Lincoln
, Cambridge, 1948, 201–5; T.F. Tout, ‘The Fair of Lincoln and the “Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal”’,
EHR
, 18. For Nichola de Hay, see Charles Petit-Dutaillis, ‘Une femme de Guerre au XIIIe siècle: Nicole de la Haie, Gardienne du Château de Lincoln’, in
Mélanges Julien Havet. Recueil de TRavaux d’Erudition Dedies à la Memoire de Julien Havet (1853–93)
, Paris, 1895. I am very grateful to Louise Wilkinson for drawing my attention to this article and for sending me a copy of her paper on Nichola which she presented to the Late Medieval Seminar at the Institute of Historical Research in March 1998, and to David Carpenterfor suggesting to her that this paper might be of use to me (as indeed it was).

542
   David Crouch makes this interesting suggestion: HWM, iii, 173.

543
   Detailed descriptions of medieval Lincoln are to be found in Hill,
Medieval Lincoln
, and Brooks and Oakley, ‘The campaign and Battle of Lincoln, 1217’,

544
   Coss,
Political Songs
, 24.

545
   The most recent literature on Towton is: Gorge Goodwin,
Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461 – England’s Most Brutal Battle
, 2011; John Sadler,
Towton: The Battle of Palm Sunday Field
, Barnsley, 201; Sean McGlynn, ‘The Wars of the Roses’, in Clifford Rogers (ed),
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Technology
, vol. 3, Oxford 2010; McGlynn,
By Sword and Fire
, 129–31.

546
   Coss,
Political Songs
, 25.

547
   The suggestion is made in an appendix in Norgate,
Minority
, 273–4. Cf. the comments by Brooks and Oakley, ‘The Campaign and Battle of Lincoln, 1217’, 303–4.

548
   There is a slight possibility that it was in fact the western blocked/unblocked gate that was forced. Carpenter suggests that the gate may have been unblocked at this juncture (
Minority
, 39). See also Brooks and Oakley, ‘The Campaign and Battle of Lincoln,1217’, 306.

549
   This rightward wheel prompts David Carpenter to believe that the regent had entered through the unblocked west gate (
Minority
, 39).

550
   
Historia Anglia
, ii, 213.

551
   See Norgate,
Minority
, 44, n.6 for a detailed list of prisoners; also AB, 195. For the Count of Perche, see K. Thompson,
Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: the County of Perche, 1000–1226
, Woodridge, 2002, 151–63.

552
   RW, ii, 218–19. See also the Dunstable annalist who confirms that ‘many drowned’ (AM, iii, 50) and also BC, 238. For sacking of cities, see McGlynn,
By Sword and Fire
, ch.4, with Lincoln at 187–8.

553
   Coss,
Political Songs
, 27; Powicke,
King Henry III
, 12; Carpenter,
Minority
, 40. But see also the dissenting views of Brooks and Oakley, ‘The Campaign and Battle of Lincoln, 1217’, 312.

554
   Petit-Dutaillis,
Louis VIII
, 153. Nor had Lincoln completely ‘destroyed the barons’ as the Merton Chronicle believes (Petit-Dutaillis, 514). However, the barons suffered more than their French comrades as they did not have a reservoir of manpower to draw upon from across the Channel.

555
   Powicke,
King Henry
III, 13. For events immediately following Lincoln, see: AB, 195–200; HWM, 355–9; BC, 238; RW, ii, 219–20; AM, iii, 50; and the secondary sources in note 16, chapter seven.

556
   See: Sean McGlynn, ‘British Nationalism and Europe: A Medieval Comparison’,
Politics
, 16 (3), 1996; A.D. Smith,
National Identity
, 1991; Patrick Wormald, ‘Engla Lond: The Making of an Allegiance’,
Journal of Historical Sociology
, 7 (1), 1994; Patrick Wormald, ‘The Making of England’,
History Today
45 (2), 1995; John Gillingham, ‘Henry of Huntingdon and the Twelfth-Century Revival of the English Nation’,
The English in the Twelfth Century
(and pages 93–162 for other relevant essays); Jospeh Llobera, ‘State and Nation in Medieval France’,
Journal of Historical Sociology
, 7 (3), 1994; Len Scales and Oliver Zimmer (eds),
Power and Nation in European History
, Cambridge, 2005 (Part Two for the Middle Ages); Len Scales, ‘Identifying “France” and “Germany”: Medieval Nation-Making in Some Recent Publications’,
Bulletin of International Medieval Research
, 6, 2000; Len Scales, ‘Bread, Cheese and Genocide: Imagining the Destruction of Peoples in Medieval Western Europe’,
History
, 92 (3), 2007; Simon Forde, Lesley Johnson and Alan Murray,
Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages
, Leeds, 1995; Michael Clanchy,
England and its
Rulers,173–89; A.D. Smith, ‘Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations’,
Nations and Nationalism
1 (1), 1995; Ernest Gellner,
Nations and Nationalism
, Oxford, 1983.