Blowback (59 page)

1
.

Carroll, op. cit, pp. 80 and 85.

2
.

Ibid.

3
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 680.

4
.

Rositzke interview, January 16, 1985.

5
.

Lindsay interview, January 25, 1985.

6
.

For Soviet reportage, see, for example, V. Styrkul,
The SS Werewolves
(Lvov: Kamenyar Publishers, 1982), Yuri Melnichuk,
Judas's Breed
(Kiev: Dnipro Publishers, 1978); Mykola Horlenko,
Fake Patriots
(Odessa: Mayak Publishers 1983); Olexander Vasylenko, “The Brand of Criminals,”
Ukrainian News
, no. 20 (1986).

7
.

For the Western reportage, see, for example, United Committee of the Ukrainian-American Organizations of New York,
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Fight for Freedom
(New York: Dnipro Publishing, 1954), hereinafter cited as
Ukrainian Insurgent Army.;
Edward M. O'Connor, “A New Look at Nationalism,”
Ukrainian Quarterly
, vol. XII, no. 4 (1957); Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council, “The Policy of Liberation,” November 4, 1953; Mykola Lebed,
UPA, Ukrainska Povstanska Armiia
(Uydannia Presovoho Biura UGVR, 1946); and, on a more careful and scholarly level, Armstrong, op. cit. “Dnipro Publishers” of Kiev (note 6 above) is not affiliated, obviously, with “Dnipro Publishing” of New York, which put out the
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
text mentioned in this note.

8
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 107ff.; Wilhelm Canaris, “Kriegstagebuchaufzeichnung über die Konferenz im Führerzug in Ilnau am 12.9.1939,” Nuremberg document No. 3047-PS, NA, Washington, D.C., and Kahn, op. cit, p. 453. For historical overviews of Ukrainian nationalism, see Philip Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation,”
YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science
, vol. XII, p. 259ff.; Alexander Motyl,
The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism
(Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, Columbia University Press, 1980); St. J. Paprocki, “Political Organizations of the Ukrainian Exiles After the Second World War,”
Eastern Quarterly
, vol. V, nos. 1–2 (January 1952); John S. Kark, “The Ukraine and Its Supreme Liberation Council,” master's thesis, University of Maryland, 1955; and Armstrong, op. cit. On anti-Semitism, see Friedman, op. cit.; Dallin,
German Rules
, p. 119, n. 2; Malcolm MacPherson,
The
Blood of His Servants
(New York: Times Books, 1984); and Hermann Rasch-hofer,
Political Assassination: The Legal Background of the Oberlander and Stashinsky Cases
(Tübingen: Fritz Schlichtenmayer, n.d. [1963?]). Raschhofer, a German rightist, defends former SS officer Teodor Oberlander on the ground that Ukrainian nationalist extremists, not Germans, were primarily responsible for anti-Semitic outrages during the opening months of the German occupation of Lvov. Raschhofer's study is perhaps the most sophisticated defense of Nazi genocide in the Ukraine available in the English language. The only source for this unusual volume in the United States, so far as the author is aware, is John Birch Society bookstores.

9
.

Dallin,
German Rule
p. 119ff. On the assassination of Pieracki and the subsequent careers of Lebed and Bandera, see Mykola Lebed, U.S. Army INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, obtained by the author via FOIA. Note particularly “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Mikola Lebed,” September 30, 1948 (secret), 7970th Counter Intelligence Corps Group, Region IV; “Personality Report, Subject: LEBED, Mykola,” by CIC Special Agent Randolph Carroll, December 29, 1947; and “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola,” Ref. D 82270 memo, July 22, 1948 (Document 08).

10
.

Wolodymyr Stachiw to Adolf Hitler, June 23, 1941, Reich Chancery registry No. RK 9380A, U.S. government's evidentiary exhibit,
U.S
. v.
Bohdan Koziv
, U.S. District Court Southern Florida and 11th Circuit Court of Appeals docket no. 79–6640-CIV-JCP, copy in author's collection.

On funding and arms for OUN, see Dallin,
German Rule
, pp. 115ff.; 621–27.

11
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, pp. 115ff., 621–27. For self-acknowledgment by nationalist sources of recruiting among Nazi-sponsored militia groups, see Lev Shankowsky, “Ten Years of UPA Struggle,” in
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
, p. 26. Shankowsky's account asserts that the UPA “operate[d] on a large scale against Nazi Germany,” a position that is at best a one-sided presentation of the facts. This volume is generally regarded as the “official” history of the UPA by Ukrainian nationalists in the United States, and it fails to discuss the role of the group in anti-Semitic pogroms and pro-Nazi activities.

12
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, pp. 625, 645–46, 654.

13
.

On Operation
Sonnenblume
, see Otto Skorzeny, “Consolidated Interrogation Report No. 4,” loc. cit, pp. 38–39. See also “General Situation Report No. 2, 15 July to 1 September 1945,” Office of Strategic Services Mission for Germany (top secret), p. 5, for further details drawn from an interrogation of prisoner Bruno A. C. Nikoll.

14
.

Ukrainian Insurgent Army
, p. 40.

15
.

Village Voice
reporter Joe Conason, working independently from the author, published an extensive expose of the Lebed affair, including the Kosakivs'kyy account, as this book was in preparation. See Joe Conason, “To Catch a Nazi,”
Village Voice
(February 11, 1986), p. 1. For a reply to these charges from the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council with which Lebed is affiliated, see “Statement from the Foreign Representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council,”
America
(March 3, 1986), p. 2ff. Also Mykola Lebed interviews, October 9 and December 10, 1985. For an authoritative account of the atrocities at the Zackopane Gestapo school near Krakow, see
Urteil vom 15
August 1968 in der Strafsache gegen Wilhelm Karl Johannes Rosenbaum
, Landgericht Hamburg Schwurgericht (50) 21/67 (judgment in the Wilhelm Rosebaum war crimes case), p. 22ff.

16
.

Mykola Lebed, INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982. St. J. Paprocki, op. cit, cites Lebed as security chief of the OUN and “the man pulling the strings within the [OUN] party” (p. 44). Yaroslav Bilinsky also notes Lebed as “an outstanding organizer and the chief of the OUN security service”; see Yaroslav Bilinsky,
The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine After World War II
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), p. 122.

17
.

[German] Army Field Police Group Report No. 1, July 7, 1941, published in Raschhofer, op. cit., p. 41ff.

18
.

On events in Lvov, see Leon W. Wells,
The Death Brigade (The Janowska Road)
(New York: Holocaust Library and Schocken Books, 1978), and Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust: The Destruction of the Jews of Lwow 1941–1944
(Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1979). See also MacPherson, op. cit., p. l0lff. According to captured SS records, a later purge of Jews in Lvov (one of several) yielded “20,952 kilograms of golden wedding rings … 35 wagons of furs … 11.73 kilograms of gold teeth and inlays,” and a long list of other items, each of which was dutifully tallied up and turned over to the SS “Special Staff Reinhard.” See International Military Tribunal,
Trials of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal
(Nuremberg, Germany: 1947), vol. 3, p. 532. See also N. M. Gelber,
The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora
vol. 1,
Lwow
, (Jerusalem: n.p., 1956), in Hebrew.

Lebed's account discussed in the footnote is based on Mykola Lebed interview, December 10, 1985, and Lebed's correspondence with the author, March 1, 1985. For U.S. Army account, see Mykola Lebed INSCOM dossier no. C 804 3982.

19
.

Mykola Lebed, INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982. Note particularly “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge, Subject: Mikola Lebed”; “Personality Report, Subject: LEBED, Mykola”; and “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola.” A second INSCOM dossier concerning Lebed, No. D-201967 24B2190, includes copies of Lebed's postwar appeals to U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall and a complete copy of Lebed's own account of the UPA during the war, which unfortunately is presently available only in the Ukrainian language. See Lebed, op. cit.

20
.

Mykola Lebed INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, “Personality Card, LEBED, Mykola.”

21
.

Lebed interview, December 10, 1985.

22
.

Mykola Lebed INSCOM Dossier No. C 804 3982, “Extract from par 2, MOIC Sub-Region MARBURG, file III-M-1928 Subject: Formation of a Ukrainian Government in Exile,” July 7, 1948 (secret); Document 43 in the Lebed dossier.

23
.

Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, Section 7 [50 USC 403h]. On Lebed's life in Germany, see Lebed INSCOM dossier.

24
.

Agency correspondence with author: INS, June 5, 1984, and Office of the Attorney General, June 25 and December 31, 1984. For denial of congressional request, author's interview with former Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman,
June 7, 1983. In June 1985 the CIA released a small group of heavily censored records concerning the 100 Persons Act in response to an FOIA request by the author. They acknowledge in passing that the CIA and the INS “have cooperated on mutual problems for many years” and that the authority to sponsor aliens for 100 Persons immigration had been delegated by the CIA director to Deputy Director Marshall Carter in 1962. Author's FOIA request No. F84–0414.

25
.

1985 GAO Report
. Mykola Lebed is the anonymous “Subject D” discussed in this study.

26
.

U.S. Displaced Persons Commission,
List of Organizations Considered Inimical to the United States Under PL 774
(Frankfurt: U.S. Displaced Persons Headquarters, n.d.) (secret), pp. 29–30.

27
.

On procedures and the transmittal of information concerning Lebed, see
1985 GAO Report
p. 34. Also Lebed interviews, October 9 and December 10, 1985. On archives, see INSCOM Dossier No. ZF010016.

28
.

Newsweek
(March 19, 1951), and Mykola Lebed, “Ukrainian Insurgent Army,” speech at Yale Political Union, February 13, 1951, in
Vital Speeches of the Day
, April 1, 1951, p. 370ff.

29
.

1985 GAO Report
, p. 34.

30
.

“SHANDRUK, General Paul,” CIC Region III report, May 14, 1951, in INSCOM Dossier 148204 25 B/679 (secret), Documents 042–045. On Shandruk's wartime career see also
Final Interrogation Report: The Polish-Ukrainian Military Staff
, U.S. Seventh Army Interrogation Center, August 28, 1945 (confidential), Box 721A, Entry 179, MIS-Y Enemy POW Interrogation Files, RG 165, NA, Washington, D.C.

31
.

Shandruk was living in Trenton, New Jersey, as of 1959. See Pavlo Shandruk,
Arms of Valor
, tr. Roman Olesnicki (New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1959), p. xxxiv. The U.S. Army was well aware that Shandruk had lied on his application for a U.S. visa; see “Memo for Major Abraham, Visa Section” from Captain Charles Hoagland, June 29, 1950[?] (confidential), which states: “Subject's case file seems to indicate that SZYNDRUK [a standard transliteration of Shandruk] supplied false information in connection with his visa applications … [and] it would appear that CIC may be subject to criticism if it became general knowledge that SZYNDRUK was allowed to emigrate to the United States in spite of his SS background.… For example, the Soviet line of propaganda could center upon a U.S. move, say, to harbor from justice a ‘famous Nazi collaborator'” (Documents 049–050 in Shandruk INSCOM dossier). Shandruk nevertheless entered the United States and remained there without difficulty.

32
.

On registers of Ukrainians willing to fight in guerrilla operations, see JCS 1844/144, “Civil Affairs and Military Government Plan in Support of the Joint Outline Emergency War Plan for a War Beginning 1 July 1952” (top secret), available on microfilm through University Publications of America title
Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
, Part 2:
The Soviet Union
, Reel 7, Frame 1078ff.; see particularly original document, p. 1308. See also Powers, op. cit., p. 52.

33
.

Intelligence Research Report, “Nature and Extent of Disaffection and Anti-Soviet Activity in the Ukraine,” March 17, 1948 (secret), pp. 12–13. This report
is available on microfilm through
A Guide to OSS/State Department Intelligence and Research Reports
, and its underlying microfilm collection published by University Publications of America, at Reel VIII, Item 7.

34
.

On the CIA's stockpiles of explosives mentioned in text, most of the CIA's own documentation concerning its sabotage and guerrilla operations in Eastern Europe remains classified. Recent amendments to the Freedom of Information Act suggest that these records may well remain buried forever—or, more likely, selectively leaked to sympathetic scholars—despite their obvious relevance to present-day American policy debates over U.S.-Soviet relations. The quotes here are drawn from army staff records: P&O 040 CIA 1949–1950, correspondence of December 27, 1949, and January 4, 12, and 19, 1950 (top secret), RG 319, NA, Washington, D.C.