Blowback (62 page)

36
.

“AGPT-P 342.18, “Screening of Lodge Bill Personnel for Special Forces Activities: Special Orders Number 68,” March 23, 1954, with enclosures (confidential), AG342.18 1948–1949-1950, RG 407, NA, Washington, D.C.

37
.

See Paddock, op. cit., pp. 150 (for stress on insurgency) and 73 (on American way of life). On slogan, see
The Green Beret
, vol. II, no. 9 (September 1967), p. 15.

38
.

Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 26–27.

1
.

Collins, op. cit., p. 256ff.; NCFE,
President's Report
, for 1953, p. 18£f., and 1954, p. 18ff. On CIA funding for Crusade for Freedom (CFF), see Mickelson, op. cit., pp. 41 and 58.

2
.

Isaacson and Thomas, op. cit., pp. 496–97. For a more complete picture of liberation thinking during the early 1950s, including acknowledgment of the pivotal role of Vlasov Army veterans and other World War II collaborators, see Burnham, op. cit. p. 196ff., and James Burnham,
The Coming Defeat of Communism
(New York: John Day Co., c. 1950), p. 211ff. Burnham was a consultant to Wisner's OPC during this period and offers perhaps the most detailed exposition of liberation theory available in nonclassified literature. On this latter point, see George H. Nash,
The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945
(New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 96–97 and 372.

3
.

Telephone interview with Walter Pforzheimer, November 20, 1983.

4
.

Mickelson, op. cit., p. 52.

5
.

James T. Howard, “200 Exiles Hammer by Radio at the Iron Curtain,”
Washington Post
, September 17, 1950.

6
.

Department of State, Office of Intelligence and Research,
NTS
—
The Russian Solidarist Movement
, External Research Paper, series 3, no. 76, December 10, 1951, and Dvinov,
Politics of the Russian Emigration
, pp. 113–194, both of which clearly establish the anti-Semitic roots of the NTS. The NTS's own
NTS: Introduction to a Russian Freedom Party
(Frankfurt am Main: Possev-Verlag, 1979) and
Let Your Conscience Decide
, JPRS No. 4425 (Washington, D.C.: Joint Publication Research Service, 1961) provide the organization's own bowdlerized version of its history.

The NTS today calls itself Narodno-Trudovoy Soyuz Rossiyskikh Solidaristov (NTS), a name that avoids the unpopular National Socialist connotations of the former Natsiona'no-Trudovoi Soyuz title. Despite the name change, the leadership of the organization remains in essentially the same hands that have guided the group for decades.

7
.

State Department,
NTS
—
The Russian Solidarist Movement
, loc. cit, pp. 2–3.

8
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 526; Buchardt, op. cit.; Dvinov,
Politics of Russian Emigration
, p. 113ff.

9
.

CIC Special Agent William Russell, “Summary Report of Investigation: Constantin Boldyreff,” December 27, 1948 (confidential); and CIC Special Agent Seymour Milbert, “Memorandum for the Officer in Charge,” August 19, 1945 (confidential), both located in Boldyreff, Constantin, INSCOM Dossier No. D-3675 20B85. Additional material has been obtained from the Department of State via the FOIA.

10
.

Boldyreff, INSCOM Dossier No. D-3675 20B85.

11
.

On Common Cause and its roots in the same circles that gave birth to NCFE, see
New York Times:
“Mayor at Yule Fete,” December 9, 1950, p. 16; “300 Attend Party for Common Cause,” December 8, 1951, p. 7; “Anti-Reds to Hold ‘Congress of Free'” December 27, 1951; “Freedom Plaque on Sale,” September 26, 1952, p. 15; and “Medina Reverses Himself, Bars Role as Honor Guest at Anti-Red Dinner,” February 25, 1950, p. 1. Boldyreff's connection with Common Cause is established in the author's interview with him, August 8, 1983, and in Constantine Boldyreff (as told to Edward Paine), “The Story of One Russian Underground Organization Attempting to Overthrow Stalin,”
Look
(October 26, 1948), p. 25ff. See also “Chief of Intelligence to OMGUS (Hesse), Subject: Constantin BOLDYREFF,” November 8, 1948 (secret), in the Boldyreff INSCOM dossier. Boldyreff's visa to the United States was arranged with the assistance of the Tolstoy Foundation, according to army CIC records.

12
.

For typical newspaper coverage of Boldyreff during his first tour of the United States, see “Russians Are Ready to Revolt Says Leader of Underground,”
Boston Herald
, October 11, 1948; “Russians Seen Ready to Revolt Against Stalin,”
Baltimore Sun
, October 11, 1948; Ralph de Toledano, “Man from Russia,”
Newsweek
, October 25, 1948, p. 38.

13
.

See citations in source note 12 above. See also Dvinov,
Politics of the Russian Emigration
, pp. 174–91 passim.

14
.

“Russians Are Ready to Revolt Says Leader of Underground,”
Boston Herald
, October 11, 1948.

15
.

Boldyreff (as told to Paine), op. cit., pp. 25ff.; C. W. Boldyreff (with O. K.
Armstrong), “We Can Win the Cold War—in Russia,”
Reader's Digest
(November 1950), p. 9ff.; C. W. Boldyreff, “Whither the Red Army,”
World Affairs
(Fall 1953); C. W. Boldyreff (with James Critchlow), “How the Russian Underground Is Fighting Stalin's Slavery,”
American Federationist
(May 1951), p. 14ff., with quote drawn from p. 14. (Critchlow eventually became a career executive with RFE/RL and by 1976 had become sharply critical of the extreme Russian nationalism of many RL broadcasts; see Mickelson, op. cit., p. 201.)

16
.

Cookridge, op. cit., p. 250; Boldyreff interview, August 8, 1983. For Vlasov Army colonization plan discussed in footnote, see American Consulate General, Casablanca, Morocco, “DP Resettlement Project in French Morocco,” October 7, 1947 (confidential), with enclosed report from Boldyreff, 800.4016 DP/10–747, RG 59, NA, Washington, D.C. On NTS leaders' backgrounds as Nazi collaborators discussed in footnote, see State Department,
NTS
—
The Russian Solidarist Movement
, loc. cit., p. 3; Dvinov,
Politics of the Russian Emigration
, p. 190. On Tenzerov's recruitment by Augsburg, see Augsburg, INSCOM Dossier no. XE 004390 16B036.

The Soviet government has published documents which it claims are a CIA/British SIS agreement on the employment of NTS as an intelligence asset; see Cherezov, op. cit., pp. 54–62. The CIA generally denounces such revelations as forgeries, although it is not known to have done so in this case.

17
.

Boldyreff, INSCOM dossier no. D-3675 20B85; Boldyreff interview, August 8, 1983.

18
.

For Boldyreff's commentaries, see Nicola Sinevirsky (pseudonym),
SMERSH
, eds. Kermit and Milt Hill (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1950). For Boldyreff's congressional testimony, see Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, U.S. Senate,
Strategy and Tactics of World Communism
, Part 1, May 15 and 27, 1954 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 2ff.; Un-American Activities Committee, U.S. House of Representatives,
Communist Psychological Warfare (Thought Control)
(Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1958), which is described as a “consultation” with Boldyreff.

19
.

Vladimir Petrov interview, July 29, 1985.

20
.

Church Committee Report
, Book IV, pp. 35 and 36n.

21
.

Kennan vol. II
, pp. 97–99.

22
.

On $180,000 seed money, see Mickelson, op. cit., p. 52. For CFF funding data during the early 1950s, see Collins, op. cit., p. 279ff.; Mickelson, op. cit., p. 52ff.; Comptroller General of the United States,
US Government Monies Provided to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
, loc. cit.; and
Supplement to Report on U.S. Government Monies
(secret), May 25, 1972 (classified annex), a sanitized version of which is available via the Freedom of Information Act.

23
.

NCFE,
President's Report
, 1954, p. 35.

24
.

Herbert E. Alexander,
Financing Politics: Money, Elections and Political Reform
(Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 1984), Table 1, p. 7.

25
.

“Freedom Crusade Opens East-West TV,”
Washington Post
, September 24, 1951. For discussion of CFF propaganda events, see Collins, op. cit., p. 256ff.; or Mickelson, op. cit., p. 51ff. For typical contemporary news coverage, see, for example,
Washington Post:
“Freedom Crusade Launched at Meeting in
Maryland,” September 14, 1950; “Freedom Bell Here Monday for Crusade,” October 1, 1950; “Churches to Participate in Freedom Crusade,” October 7, 1950; “Eisenhower Opens Crusade for Freedom Behind ‘Curtain,'” September 4, 1951; “Freedom Crusade Rally Scheduled,” September 14, 1951; “‘Place in Sun' Premiere to Aid D.C. Crusade for Freedom,” October 2, 1951; “Freedom Bell Pierces Curtain,” October 20, 1953; “Parade to Open ‘Freedom' Drive,” January 28, 1954. Collins reports that the
New York Times
featured ninety-seven news articles—all of them favorable—about the CFF during the campaign's first two years of operation.

26
.

Howard, op. cit.

27
.

“Freedom Forecast for Baltic States,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1951; “Baltic Groups Here Hold Freedom Rally,”
New York Times
, June 16, 1952; also, “1,800 Here Mark Latvia's Founding,”
New York Times
, November 18, 1951; “Exile Leaders Join in ‘Bill of Rights'” and “Text of Declaration by 10 Exiled Leaders,”
New York Times
, June 13, 1952.

28
.

Thorwald,
Illusion
, pp. xv-xxii. The Gehlen official Heinz Danlo Herre had also served as chief of staff to Köstring and Herwarth during the Caucasus campaign during the war; see Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 543n.

29
.

Petrov interview, July 29, 1985.

30
.

Dulles testimony before House Foreign Affairs Committee, 1952, quoted in “A Fresh Wind from the USA,”
ABN Correspondence
, no. 3–4 (1953), pp. 1–2; Petrov interview, July 29, 1985.

31
.

Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 497ff.

32
.

SANACC 395/1 (Operation Bloodstone), loc. cit.

33
.

“Russians Are Ready to Revolt Says Leader of Underground,”
Boston Herald
, October 11, 1948.

34
.

“Text of the Republican Party's 1952 Campaign Platform,”
New York Times
, July 11, 1952, p. 8.

35
.

John Foster Dulles, “A Policy of Boldness,”
Life
(May 19, 1952), p. 146ff.

36
.

For an excellent account of Lane's lobbying and internal Republican party politics on the “ethnic voters” issue, see Louis L. Gerson,
The Hyphenate in Recent American Politics and Diplomacy
(Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Press, 1964), p. 178ff. See also Vladimir Petrov,
A Study in Diplomacy: The Story of Arthur Bliss Lane
(Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1971).

37
.

Gerson, op. cit., p. 193 (“Liberation Weeks,” etc.); Collins, op. cit., p. 329ff.; “D.P. Charges Enslaving of 500,000 Lithuanians,”
New York Times
, July 18, 1950; “Freedom Forecast for Baltic States,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1951; “Freedom Crusade Rally Scheduled,”
Washington Post
, September 14, 1951; “Exile Leaders Join in ‘Bill of Rights,'”
New York Times
, June 13, 1952; “Baltic Groups Hold Freedom Rally Here,”
New York Times
, June 16, 1952.

38
.

Petrov interview, July 29, 1985; Vladimir Petrov,
Escape from the Future
(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 337ff., with incidents discussed in footnotes at pp. 341–42, 349–51, 354, 360–61. On Petrov's relation to 1952 election: Gerson, op. cit., p. 229, and Petrov interview, July 29, 1985.

39
.

Gerson, op. cit., p. 194.

40
.

Republican National Committee, “The Margin of Victory in Marginal Districts,” cited in Gerson, op. cit., pp. 198–99.

41
.

Grombach, INSCOM dossier. See particularly “Summary of Information (SR
380–320-10)” reports for the following dates and subjects: “G-2 SPS GROMBACH, John Valentine,” June 1, 1955 (top secret); “N. V. Philips Co,” June 1, 1955 (top secret); “Grombach, John V.,” September 23, 1958 (confidential); and memo from Brigadier General Richard Collins, director of plans, programs and security to ASCoSI, Subject: GROMBACH, John Valentine, September 30, 1958 (secret). On Philips's role, see Grombach letter to Colonel George F. Smith, April 12, 1950, and Collins report, September 5, 1958 (secret).

42
.

“Memorandum for File: Subj: GROMBACH, John V.,” December 21, 1952, Naval Intelligence Command files, Document No. 62–77306, with attachments, obtained through FOIA.