Blowback (64 page)

1
.

For text of UPI and AP teletype transmissions, see
Time Capsule/1956
(New York: Time-Life Books, 1968), pp. 92–93.

2
.

Ibid., p. 90.

3
.

On Hungarian exiles' criticisms of Radio Free Europe's role, see “Anna Kethly Scores Radio Free Europe,”
Washington Post
, November 30, 1956, and “Radio Free Europe Role in Hungary,”
Washington Post
, November 13, 1956.

4
.

For documentation on RFE policy during the Hungarian events, see Elsa Bernaut, “The Use of Hungarian and Polish Material,” American Committee for Liberation Research Library, October 29, 1956, now in RFE/RL Archives in New York.

5
.

“Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,”
New York Times
, April 29, 1957, p. 6.

6
.

Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. p. 12. For documentation concerning CIA funding of the ACEN and of its exile leaders, see the ACEN correspondence released through Department of State FOIA case no. 8404249. See also National Committee for a Free Europe,
President's Report
, 1953, p. 22, and 1954, p. 18ff.

7
.

Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. See comments from the
New York Herald Tribune, Christian Science Monitor
, and other publications reproduced on the flyleafs of this text.

8
.

Ibid., pp. 180–81 and 187 (Balli Kombetar officials, including Hasan Dosti), p. 184 (Lithuanian delegation), p. 186 (Balli Kombetar officials in Liberal Democratic Union), p. 187 (Berzins on Deportations Committee), and p. 188 (Maikovskis in International Peasant Union). For more on Maikovskis, see U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit., pp. 34–35; and U.S. Department of Justice press statement of August 16, 1984. Maikovskis's attorney, Ivars Berzins, declined comment on this issue in a telephone interview, November 25, 1985.

The FBI has recently declassified a heavily censored version of its dossier on the ACEN, withholding almost half the entire file on national security grounds.
The released portion does, however, concede in passing that the ACEN had become a key focus of the government's own inquiries into Nazi criminals in the United States as of 1982; see letter from GAO investigator John Tipton to Joseph Moore, FBI, August 26, 1982, FBI ACEN file.

9
.

Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. p. 182ff.

10
.

See American Friends of the Captive Nations,
Hungary Under Soviet Rule
(New York: American Friends of the Captive Nations and the Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1959), for listing of American Friends officers and committee members. Also of note on the committee: Eugene McCarthy, Eugene Lyons, Sidney Hook, John Richardson, Jr.

11
.

ABN Correspondence
(newsletter). For information on ABN personalities and activities, see, for example, Ferdinand Durcansky, “The West Shuts Its Eyes to Tiso's Warning,” no. 5–6, 1953 (praise of Tiso regime); “Dr. Ante Pawelic [
sic
],” no. 7–8, 1957 (praise of Ustachi regime); “ABN Activities,” no. 1–2, 1955; “Prof. R. Ostrowski Visits the USA,” no. 5–6, 1958; “A.B.N. Congress in Toronto,” no. 5–6, 1953; and “The Truth About ABN: Memorandum to the State Department,” no. 10–11, 1955 (on Ostrowsky's and Berzins's role in the organization). See also Press Bureau of the ABN,
Our Alternative
(Munich: Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, 1972). For recent investigative reporting concerning the ABN, see Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson,
Inside the League
(New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1986), pp. 13–154 passim.

12
.

For examples of congressional influence by extremist émigré groups, see “Congressman Kersten Adopts Our Ideas,”
ABN Correspondence
, no. 11–12 (1953); “Kersten's Investigatory House Committee Meets in Munich,”
ABN Correspondence
, no. 5–9 (1954), on the House select Committee on Communist Aggression. For discussions of the role of Eastern European émigré associations in congressional affairs generally, see “Lithuanian American Council,”
Lituanus
(July 1955), p. 23, on opposition to genocide treaty, creation of congressional investigating committees; and Vardys, op. cit., on Katyn investigation, Kersten Amendment, creation of Escapee Program, role in congressional elections. Vardys complains, however, that despite the congressional right wing's assiduous efforts to use anti-Communist investigations as an election ploy, the voting public was growing suspicious of its efforts by the mid-1950s. Three key House sponsors of a variety of the more extreme “liberation” measures lost in heavily ethnic Eastern European districts in Milwaukee, Chicago, and Wilkes-Barre during the 1954 congressional elections.

13
.

For more on O'Connor, see Edward Mark O'Connor, FBI File No. 62–88018 (and two cross-references), obtained via the FOIA; “Freedom Forecast for Baltic States,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1951, p. 38; “Dr. Edward M. O'Connor, 77, Former NSC Staffer, Dies,” loc. cit.; “Edward O'Connor Remembered in Cleveland Ceremonies,” loc. cit.; and particularly Edward M. O'Connor, “Our Open Society Under Attack by the Despotic State,”
Ukrainian Quarterly
(Spring 1984), p. 17ff. On role in Displaced Persons Commission, see U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit., p. 71; A. H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.'s Told to End Contracts of Leftist Union,”
New York Times
, May 2, 1951, and “Cut Leftist Union Ties,”
New York Times
, May 3, 1951.

14
.

For activities and personalities of the 1960 parade, see commemorative parade
program titled “Captive Nations Week, July 19–23, 1960,” Captive Nations Committee, Washington, D.C., copy in collection of author.

15
.

See ibid. on App's role in the parade. On App's writings, see Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,
Extremism on the Right
(New York: Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1983), pp. 14, 130, and 159, and
Contemporary Authors
, vol. 101, pp. 23–24.

16
.

Kennan vol. II
, p. 286.

17
.

Mathias, op. cit, p. 975ff.

18
.

Ibid., pp. 984–85.

19
.

Kennan vol. II
, pp. 278–319 passim.

20
.

Correspondence with National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council Executive Director Radi Slavoff, October 2, 1985.

21
.

Jack Anderson [and Les Whitten], “Nixon Appears a Little Soft on Nazis,”
Washington Post
, October 11, 1971.

22
.

Ibid.

23
.

Wynar, op. cit. On Daumants Hazners and Ivan Docheff's role in Republican group, see Federal Election Commission filings, 1976. On Ivars Berzins, see also Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,
The Campaign Against the U.S. Justice Department's Prosecution of Suspected Nazi War Criminals
(New York: ADL Special Report, 1985), p. 5. On this issue, see also Jay Mathews, “Nazi-Hunt Methods Protested,”
Washington Post
, March 23, 1985, and Mary Thornton, “East European éMigrés Are Accused of Impeding Hunt for Nazis in U.S.,”
Washington Post
, April 6, 1985. Ivars Berzins has also served as defense attorney for accused Nazi criminals Arnolds Trucis and Boleslavs Maikovskis.

24
.

Nicholas Nazarenko interviews, July 21 and 22, 1984. On Nazarenko's role in Republican party group, see Nazarenko's resolution at the May 1984 National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council annual convention, “Resolution: Whereas, Moscow Communism is the leading mortal enemy …,” May 18, 1984, copy in collection of author, and Federal Election Commission filings for 1975 and 1981.

25
.

Nicholas Nazarenko speech, July 21, 1984.

26
.

On mailing list, ibid. For a list of organizations belonging to the Coalition for Peace Through Strength, see American Security Council, “Model Peace Through Strength Resolution for Organizations,” n.d. (1984–1986), promotional flyer, copy in collection of author. Member organizations that are on record as favoring Axis governments of World War II include the World Federation of Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia, the Bulgarian National Front, the Croatian-American Committee for Human Rights, and the Slovak World Congress. At least five other coalition member groups have expressed points of view that many people would regard as sympathetic to the Nazi quisling regimes of World War II. See also coaltion chairman John M. Fisher correspondence with Nicholas Nazarenko, July 5, 1984, copy in collection of author.

27
.

Sidney Blumenthal, “The Reagan Doctrine's Strange History,”
Washington Post
, June 29, 1986.

28
.

Ibid.

29
.

Burnham,
Containment or Liberation?
, loc. cit., p. 196ff., and Burnham,
Coming Defeat of Communism
, loc. cit., p. 211ff.

30
.

See, for example, “Captive Nations Week, 1984, a Proclamation by the President of the United States,” July 16, 1984, and “Captive Nations Week, 1985, A Proclamation by the President of the United States,” July 19, 1985, both published and distributed by the White House Office of Public Liaison. The original Captive Nations proclamation is 73 Statute 212, signed July 17, 1959.

31
.

Lasby, op. cit., p. 79ff.

32
.

On evolution of concept and term
national security state
, see Yergin, op. cit.; and Marcus Raskin, “Democracy Versus the National Security State,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
(Summer 1976), p. 189ff. On Kennan, Thayer, and Magruder's role, see
Church Committee Report
, Book IV, pp. 28–31 (on Kennan); Paddock, op. cit., passim (on Magruder); JSPC 862/3 enclosure B. p. 4ff. (on Thayer). On containment's goal for dealing with the Soviets, see “The Analysis by Mr. X [Kennan]: It's America vs. Russia … Until Russia Is Forced to Cooperate or Collapse,”
Newsweek
(July 21, 1947), p.16.

33
.

Bishop and Crayfield, op. cit., p. 264ff. (on Romania); Rositzke, op. cit., p. 169ff. (on Poland).

34
.

Ian McDonald, op. cit.; David Binder, “Odysseus of the Greek Left Feels Back ‘in My Element,'”
New York Times
, October 18, 1986.

35
.

On role of NSC 10/2 and NSC 5412:
Church Committee Report
, Book IV, pp. 25–55. On murders by Nicaraguan contras, see Americas Watch,
Human Rights in Nicaragua 1986
(New York and Washington, D.C.: Americas Watch, 1986), p. 18ff.; see also Joe Pichirallo and Edward Cody, “U.S. Trains Antiterrorists,”
Washington Post
, March 24, 1985.

36
.

Church Committee Report
, Book VI, pp. 257–58.

37
.

Cookridge, op. cit., calls Gehlen the “Spy of the Century” and points out that Soviet and East German publications termed him the “biggest single factor in the prevention of a possible East-West detente” (p. 5). While it is unlikely that any one person truly deserves that description, it is nonetheless true that Gehlen played a substantial clandestine role in East-West affairs that has generally been ignored by historians.

38
.

On disposal programs, see Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., p. 257;
1985 GAO Report
. On murder of double agents, see
Church Committee Report
, Book IV, p. 130ff.

39
.

Ralph Blumenthal, “Nazi War Crimes Suspect Asserts CIA Used Him as Anti-Soviet Spy,”
New York Times
, October 15, 1976. For quoted text, see Union of American Hebrew Congregations,
Keeping Posted
(October 1980), back cover, for reproduction of the CIA's letter to Laipenieks. Charles Allen supplied the facsimile of the CIA letter to
Keeping Posted
.

40
.

Dusko Doder, “New Charges, Admission on Waldheim's Record: '47 Soviet-Bloc Bid to Recruit Waldheim as Agent Described,”
Washington Post
, October 30, 1986.

41
.

On CIA programs inside the United States, see John M. Crewdson and Joseph Treaster, “The CIA's 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World's Views,”
New York Times
, December 25 to 27, 1977; Powers, op. cit.; Marchetti and Marks, op. cit. On clandestine CIA funding of educational and charitable foundations,
labor groups, and student organizations, see “Groups Channeling, Receiving Assistance from CIA,”
Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1967
, pp. 360–61;
Church Committee Report
, Book VI, p. 263ff.; Morgenthau, “Government Has Compromised the Integrity of the Educational Establishment,” and Horowitz, “Social Scientists Must Beware the Corruption of CIA Involvement,” both in Kim, ed., op. cit. For an overview of clandestine CIA funding of media assets, see Schorr, op. cit.