Boost Your Brain (46 page)

4
. Eleanor A. Maguire, David G. Gadian, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Catriona D. Good, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, and Christopher D. Frith, “Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America
97, no. 8 (2000): 4398–403.

5
. Katherine Woollett and Eleanor A. Maguire, “Acquiring ‘The Knowledge’ of London’s Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes,”
Current Biology
21, no. 24 (2011): 2109–14.

6
. Madeleine Fortin, Patrice Voss, Catherine Lord, Maryse Lassonde, Jens Pruessner, Dave Saint-Amour, Constant Rainville, and Franco Lepore, “Wayfinding in the Blind: Larger Hippocampal Volume and Supranormal Spatial Navigation,”
Brain
131, no. 11 (2008): 2995–3005.

7
. Bogdan Draganski, Christian Gaser, Volker Busch, Gerhard Schuierer, Ulrich Bogdahn, and Arne May, “Neuroplasticity: Changes in Grey Matter Induced by Training,”
Nature
427, no. 6972 (2004): 311–12.

8
. Ladina Bezzola, Susan Mérillat, Christian Gaser, and Lutz Jäncke, “Training-Induced Neural Plasticity in Golf Novices,”
Journal of Neuroscience
31, no. 35 (2011): 12444–48.

9
. J. Verghese, R. B. Lipton, M. J. Katz. C. B. Hall, C. A. Derby, G. Kuslansky, A. F. Ambrose, M. Sliwinski, and H. Buschke, “Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly,”
New England Journal of Medicine
348, no. 25 (2003): 2508–16. R. S. Wilson, L. L. Barnes, N. T. Aggarwal, P. A. Boyle, L. E. Hebert, C. F. Mendes de Leon, and D. A. Evans, “Cognitive Activity and the Cognitive Morbidity of Alzheimer Disease,”
Neurology
75, no. 11 (2010). N. Scarmeas, G. Levy, M. X. Tang, J. Manly, and Y. Stern, “Influence of Leisure Activity on the Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease,”
Neurology
57, no. 12 (2001): 2236–42.

10
. Michelle C. Carlson, Jane S. Saczynski, George W. Rebok, Teresa Seeman, Thomas A. Glass, Sylvia McGill, James Tielsch, Kevin D. Frick, Joel Hill, and Linda P. Fried, “Exploring the Effects of an ‘Everyday’ Activity Program on Executive Function and Memory in Older Adults: Experience Corps,”
Gerontologist
48, no. 6 (2008): 793–801.

11
. Michelle C. Carlson, Kirk I. Erickson, Arthur F. Kramer, Michelle W. Voss, Natalie Bolea, Michelle Mielke, Sylvia McGill, George W. Rebok, Teresa Seeman, and Linda P. Fried, “Evidence for Neurocognitive Plasticity in At-Risk Older Adults: The Experience Corps Program,”
Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
64, no. 12 (2009): 1275–82.

12
. www.geocaching.com.

Chapter 8: Ready, Set, Go

1
. Paul D. Loprinzi and Bradley J. Cardinal, “Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sleep NHANES 2005–2006,”
Mental Health and Physical Activity
4, no. 2 (2011): 65–69.

Chapter 9: Shrinking the Brain One Night at a Time

1
. www.cdc.gov/features/dssleep.

2
. Ying He, Christopher R. Jones, Nobuhiro Fujiki, Ying Xu, Bin Guo, Jimmy L. Holder Jr., Moritz J. Rossner, Seiji Nishino, and Ying-Hui Fu, “The Transcriptional Repressor DEC2 Regulates Sleep Length in Mammals,”
Science
325, no. 5942 (2009): 866–70.

3
. Anton Sirota, Jozsef Csicsvari, Derek Buhl, and György Buzsáki, “Communication Between Neocortex and Hippocampus During Sleep in Rodents,”
PNAS
100, no. 4 (2003): 2065–69.

4
. Lisa Marshall and Jan Born, “The Contribution of Sleep to Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Consolidation,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
11, no. 10 (2007): 442–50.

5
. www.sleepapnea.org/i-am-a-health-care-professional.html.

6
. Karl A. Franklin, Carin Sahlin, Hans Stenlund, and Eva Lindberg, “Sleep Apnoea Is a Common Occurrence in Females,”
European Respiratory Journal
41, no. 3 (2013): 610–15.

7
. F. Chung, R. Subramanyam, P. Liao, E. Sasaki, C. Shapiro, and Y. Sun, “High STOP-Bang Score Indicates a High Probability of Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”
British Journal of Anaesthesia
108, no. 5 (2012): 768–75.

8
. Paul M. Macey, Luke A. Henderson, Katherine E. Macey, Jeffry R. Alger, Robert C. Frysinger, Mary A. Woo, Rebecca K. Harper, Frisca L. Yan-Go, and Ronald M. Harper, “Brain Morphology Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,
166, no. 10 (2002): 1382–87.

9
. http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sleep-apnea-linked-to-silent-strokes–221516.

10
. W.-H. Wang, G.-P. He, X.-P. Xiao, C. Gu, and H.-Y. Chen, “Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Function of Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome Patients,”
Asia Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
5, no. 11 (2012): 906–10.

11
. Nicola Canessa, Vincenza Castronovo, Stefano F. Cappa, Mark S. Aloia, Sara Marelli, Andrea Falini, Federica Alemanno, and Luigi Ferini-Strambi, “Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Brain Structural Changes and Neurocognitive Function Before and After Treatment,”
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
183, no. 10 (2011): 1419–26.

12
. Paul M. Macey, Rajesh Kumar, Frisca L. Yan-Go, Mary A. Woo, and Ronald M. Harper, “Sex Differences in White Matter Alterations Accompanying Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”
Sleep
35, no 12 (2012): 1603–13.

13
. Liat Ayalon, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, and Sean P. A. Drummond, “Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Age: A Double Insult to Brain Function?”
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
182, no. 3 (2010): 413–19.

14
. Khalid Yaouhi, Françoise Bertran, Patrice Clochon, Florence Mézenge, Pierre Denise, Jean Foret, Francis Eustanche, and Béatrice Desgranges, “A Combined Neuropsychological and Brain Imaging Study of Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”
Journal of Sleep Research
18, no. 1 (2009): 36–48.

15
. Randy F. Crossland, David J. Durgan, Eric E. Lloyd, Sharon C. Phillips, Sean P. Marrelli, and Robert M. Bryan, “Cerebrovascular Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea,” abstract presented at the American Physiological Society’s Experimental Biology conference in April 2012.

16
. M. L. Perlis, H. Merica, M. T. Smith, and D. E. Giles, “Beta EEG Activity and Insomnia,”
Sleep Medicine Reviews
5, no. 5 (2001): 365–76.

17
. Thomas C. Neylan, Susanne G. Mueller, Zhen Wang, Thomas J. Metzler, Maryann Lenoci, Diana Truran, Charles R. Marmar, Michael W. Weiner, and Norbert Schuff, “Insomnia Severity Is Associated with a Decreased Volume of the CA3/Dentate Gyrus Hippocampal Subfield,”
Biological Psychiatry
68, no. 5 (2010): 494–96.

18
. C. Mirescu, J. D. Peters, L. Noiman, and E. Gould, “Sleep Deprivation Inhibits Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus by Elevating Glucocorticoids,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
103, no. 50 (2006): 19170–75.

19
. Presented at Sleep 2012, the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.

20
. Presented at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference 2012.

21
. Christian Benedict, Samantha J. Brooks, Owen G. O’Daly, Markus S. Almèn, Arvid Morell, Karin Åberg, Malin Gingnell, Bernd Schultes, Manfred Hallschmid, Jan-Erik Broman, Elna-Marie Larsson, and Helgi B. Schiöth, “Acute Sleep Deprivation Enhances the Brain’s Response to Hedonic Food Stimuli: An fMRI Study,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
97, no. 3 (2012): E443–47.

22
. Y. Wang, J.-J. Wang, M.-Q. Zhao, S.-M. Liu, and L.-Z. Li, “Changes of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnoea Syndrome Following Adenotonsillectomy,”
Journal of International Medical Research
38, no. 6 (2010): 1942–51.

23
. Melvi Methippara, Tariq Bashir, Natalia Suntsova, Ron Szymusiak, and Dennis McGinty, “Hippocampal Adult Neurogenesis Is Enhanced by Chronic Eszopiclone Treatment in Rats,”
Journal of Sleep Research
19, no. 3 (2010): 384–93.

Chapter 10: How Stress or Depression May Be Shrinking Your Brain

1
. Roman Duncko, Linda Johnson, Kathleen Merikangas, and Christian Grillon, “Working Memory Performance After Acute Exposure to the Cold Pressor Stress in Healthy Volunteers,”
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
91, no. 4 (2009): 377–81.

2
. C. R. Park, A. M. Campbell, and D. M. Diamond, “Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Learning and Memory and Increases Sensitivity to Yohimbine in Adult Rats,”
Biological Psychiatry
50, no. 12 (2001): 994–1004.

3
. Robert M. Sapolsky, “Glucocorticoids, Stress, and Their Adverse Neurological Effects: Relevance to Aging,”
Experimental Gerontology
34, no. 6 (1999): 721–32.

4
. Peter J. Gianaros, J. Richard Jennings, Lei K. Sheu, Phil J. Greer, Lewis H. Kuller, and Karen A. Matthews, “Prospective Reports of Chronic Life Stress Predict Decreased Grey Matter Volume in the Hippocampus,”
NeuroImage
35, no. 2 (2007): 795–803.

5
. V. Mondelli, A. Cattaneo, M. Belvederi Murri, M. Di Forti, R. Handley, N. Hepgul, A. Miorelli, S. Navari, A. S. Papadopoulos, K. J. Aitchison, C. Morgan, R. M. Murray, P. Dazzan, and C. M. Pariante, “Stress and Inflammation Reduce Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in First-Episode Psychosis: A Pathway to Smaller Hippocampal Volume,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
72, no. 12 (2011): 1677–84.

6
. C. Liston, B. McEwen, and B. J. Casey, “Psychosocial Stress Reversibly Disrupts Prefrontal Processing and Attentional Control,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America
10, no. 3 (2009): 912–17.

7
. Gary Evans and Dana Johnson, “Stress and Open-Office Noise,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
85, no. 5 (2000): 779–83.

8
. Gary Evans, Peter Lercher, Markus Meis, Hartmut Ising, and Walter Kofter, “Community Noise Exposure and Stress in Children,”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
109, no. 3 (2001): 1023–27.

9
. Staffan Hygge, Gary W. Evans, and Monika Bullinger, “A Prospective Study of Some Effects of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren,”
Psychological Science
13, no. 5 (2002): 469–74.

10
. Poul Videbech and Barbara Ravnkilde, “Hippocampal Volume and Depression: A Meta-Analysis of MRI Studies,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
161, no. 11 (2004): 1957–66.

11
. Michael Chen, J. Paul Hamilton, and Ian H. Gotlib, “Decreased Hippocampal Volume in Healthy Girls at Risk of Depression,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
67, no. 3 (2010): 270–76.

12
. A. R. Brunoni, M. Lopes, and F. Fregni, “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies on Major Depression and BDNF Levels: Implications for the Role of Neuroplasticity in Depression,”
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
11, no. 8 (2008): 1169–80.

13
. C. J. Bench, K. J. Friston, R. G. Brown, L. C. Scott, R. S. J. Frackowiak, and R. J. Dolan, “The Anatomy of Melancholia: Focal Abnormalities of Cerebral Blood Flow in Major Depression,”
Psychological Medicine
22, no. 3 (1992): 607–15.

14
. P. Videbech, “PET Measurements of Brain Glucose Metabolism and Blood Flow in Major Depressive Disorder: A Critical Review,”
Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica
101, no. 1 (2000): 11–20.

15
. Mark Gilbertson, Martha Shenton, Aleksandra Ciszewski, Kiyoto Kasai, Natasha Lasko, Scott Orr, and Roger Pitman, “Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma,”
Nature Neuroscience
5, no. 11 (2002): 1242–47.

16
. M. Boldrini, R. Hen, M. D. Underwood, G. B. Rosoklija, A. J. Dwork, J. J. Mann, and V. Arango, “Hippocampal Angiogenesis and Progenitor Cell Proliferation Are Increased with Antidepressant Use in Major Depression,”
Biological Psychiatry
72, no. 7 (2012): 562–71.

17
. R. S. Wilson, L. L. Barnes, C. F. Mendes de Leon, N. T. Aggarwal, J. S. Schneider, J. Bach, J. Pilat, L. A. Beckett, S. E. Arnold, D. A. Evans, and D. A. Bennett, “Depressive Symptoms, Cognitive Decline, and Risk of AD in Older Persons,”
Neurology
59, no. 3 (2002): 364–70.

18
. Ross Andel, Michael Crowe, Elizabeth Hahn, James Mortimer, Nancy Pedersen, Laura Fratiglioni, Boo Johansson, and Margaret Gatz, “Work-Related Stress May Increase the Risk of Vascular Dementia,”
Journal of the American Geriatric Society
60, no. 1 (2011): 60–67.

19
. Adam Clark, Alexander Seidler, and Michael Miller, “Inverse Association Between Sense of Humor and Coronary Heart Disease,”
International Journal of Cardiology
80, no. 1 (2001): 87–88.

20
. M. Miller, C. Mangano, Y. Park, R. Goel, G. D. Plotnick, and R. A. Vogel, “Impact of Cinematic Viewing on Endothelial Function,”
Heart
92, no. 2 (2006): 261–62.