Boost Your Brain (48 page)

16
. D. W. Wright, A. L. Kellermann, V. S. Hertzberg, P. L. Clark, M. Frankel, F. C. Goldstein, J. P. Salomone, L. L. Dent, O. A. Harris, D. S. Ander, D. W. Lowery, M. M. Patel, D. D. Denson, a. b. Gordon, M. M. Wald, S. Gupta, S. W. Hoffman, and D. G. Stein, “ProTECT: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Progesterone for Acute Traumatic Brain Injury,”
Annals of Emergency Medicine
49, no. 4 (2007): 391–402.

17
. J. D. Mills, J. E. Bailes, C. L. Sedney, H. Hutchins, and B. Sears, “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Reduction of Traumatic Axonal Injury in a Rodent Head Injury Model,”
Journal of Neurosurgery
114, no. 1 (2011): 77–84.

Chapter 14: Washing Away Your Brain’s Neighborhoods and Highways

1
. A. Ruitenberg, J. van Swieten, J. Witteman, K. Mehta, C. van Duijn, A. Hofman, and M. Breteler, “Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia: The Rotterdam Study,”
The Lancet
359, no. 9303 (2002): 281–86.

2
. S. Gupta and J. Warner, “Alcohol-Related Dementia: A Twenty-First-Century Silent Epidemic?”
British Journal of Psychiatry
193, no. 5 (2008): 351–53.

3
. R. Momenan, L. E. Steckler, Z. S. Saad, S. van Rafelghem, M. J. Kerich, and D. W. Hommer, “Effects of Alcohol Dependence on Cortical Thickness as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging,”
Psychiatry Research
204, nos. 2–3 (2012): 101–11.

4
. A. P. Le Berre, G. Rauchs, R. La Joie, F. Mézenge, C. Boudehent, F. Vabret, S. Segobin, F. Viader, P. Allain, F. Eustache, A. L. Pitel, and H. Beaunieux, “Impaired Decision Making and Brain Shrinkage in Alcoholism,”
European Psychiatry
S00924–9338, no. 12 (2012): 136–38.

5
. Kristi Reynolds, Brian Lewis, John David L. Nolen, Gregory L. Kinney, Bhavani Sathya, and Jiang He, “Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
289, no. 5 (2003): 579–88. George Winokur, “Alcoholism and Depression,”
Substance and Alcohol Actions/Misuse
4, nos. 2–3 (1983): 111–19.

6
. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa68/aa68.htm.

7
. María Parada, Montserrat Corral, Nayara Mota, Alberto Crego, Socorro Rodríguez Holguín, and Fernando Cadaveira, “Executive Functioning and Alcohol Binge Drinking in University Students,”
Addictive Behaviors
37, no. 2 (2012): 167–72.

8
. Tim McQueeny et al., “Binge Drinking,” presented in 2011 to the Research Society on Alcoholism.

9
. Simone Kühn, Florian Schubert, and Jürgen Gallinat, “Reduced Thickness of Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex in Smokers,”
Biological Psychiatry
68, no. 11 (2010): 1061–106.

10
. T. Demirakca, G. Ende, N. Kämmerer, H. Welzel-Marquez, D. Hermann, A. Heinz, and K. Mann, “Effects of Alcoholism and Continued Abstinence on Brain Volumes in Both Genders,”
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
35, no. 9 (2011): 1678–85.

11
. J. van Eijk, T. Demirakca, U. Frischknecht, D. Hermann, K. Mann, and G. Ende, “Rapid Partial Regeneration of Brain Volume During the First Fourteen Days of Abstinence from Alcohol,”
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
37, no. 1 (2013): 67–74.

12
. F. T. Crews and K. Nixon, “Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Regeneration in Alcoholism,”
Alcohol and Alcoholism
44, no. 2 (2009): 115–27.

Chapter 15: Is It Alzheimer’s?

1
. Archana Singh-Manoux, Mika Kivimaki, M. Maria Glymour, Alexis Elbaz, Claudine Berr, Klaus P. Ebmeier, Jane E. Ferrie, and Aline Dugravot, “Timing of Onset of Cognitive Decline: Results from Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study,”
British Medical Journal
344 (2012): d7622.

2
. www.alz.org/documents_custom/2012_facts_figures_fact_sheet.pdf.

3
. Lon R. White, Brent J. Small, Helen Petrovitch, G. Webster Ross, Kamal Masaki, Robert D. Abbott, John Hardman, Daron Davis, James Nelson, and William Markesbery, “Recent Clinical-Pathologic Research on the Causes of Dementia in Late Life: Update from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study,”
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
18, no. 4 (2005): 224–27. Lenore J. Launer, Timothy M. Hughes, and Lon R. White, “Microinfarcts, Brain Atrophy, and Cognitive Function: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Autopsy Study,”
Annals of Neurology
70, no. 5 (2011): 774–80. Ingmar Skoog, Lars Nilsson, Bo Palmertz, Lars-Arne Andreasson, and Alvar Svanborg, “A Population-Based Study of Dementia in Eighty-Five-Year-Olds,”
New England Journal of Medicine
328, no. 3 (1993): 153–58.

4
. Miia Kivipelto, Eeva-Liisa Helkala, Mikko P. Laakso, Tuomo Hänninen, Merja Hallikainen, Kari Alhainen, Hilkka Soininen, Jaakko Tuomilehto, and Aulikki Nissinen, “Midlife Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer’s Disease in Later Life: Longitudinal, Population-Based Study,”
British Medical Journal
322, no. 7300 (2001): 1447–51.

5
. I. Prohovnik, D. P. Perl, K. L. Davis, L. Libow, G. Lesser, and V. Haroutunian,
“
Dissociation of Neuropathology from Severity of Dementia in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease,”
Neurology
66, no. 1 (2006): 49–55.

6
. Julie A. Schneider, Zoe Arvanitakis, Woojeong Bang, and David A. Bennett, “Mixed Brain Pathologies Account for Most Dementia Cases in Community-Dwelling Older Persons,”
Neurology
69, no. 24 (2007): 2197–204.

7
. K. A. Jellinger and J. Attems, “Neuropathological Evaluation of Mixed Dementia,”
Journal of the Neurological Sciences
257, nos. 1–2 (2007): 80–87.

8
. www.healthstudies.umn.edu/nunstudy/faq.jsp.

9
. K. M. Langa, N. L. Foster, and E. B. Larson, “Mixed Dementia: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292, no. 23 (2004): 2901–8.

10
. www.aan.com.

11
. H. J. Aizenstein, R. D. Nebes, J. A. Saxton, J. C. Price, C. A. Mathis, N. D. Tsopelas, S. K. Ziolko, J. A. James, B. E. Snitz, P. R. Houck, W. Bi, A. D. Cohen, B. J. Lopresti, S. T. DeKosky, E. M. Halligan, and W. E. Klunk, “Frequent Amyloid Deposition Without Significant Cognitive Impairment Among the Elderly,”
Archives of Neurology
65, no. 11 (2008): 1509–17. K. E. Pike, G. Savage, V. L. Villemagne, S. Ng, S. A. Moss, P. Maruff, C. A. Mathis, W. E. Klunk, C. L. Masters, and C. C. Rowe, “Beta-Amyloid Imaging and Memory in Non-Demented Individuals: Evidence for Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease,”
Brain
130, part 11 (2007): 2837–44. S. N. Gomperts, D. M. Rentz, E. Moran, J. A. Becker, J. J. Locascio, W. E. Klunk, C. A. Mathis, D. R. Elmaleh, T. Shoup, A. J. Fischman, B. T. Hyman, J. H. Growdon, and K. A. Johnson, “Imaging Amyloid Deposition in Lewy Body Diseases,”
Neurology
71, no. 12 (2008): 903–10.

12
. Adam S. Fleisher, Kewei Chen, Yakeel T. Quiroz, Laura J. Jakimovich, Madelyn Gutierrez Gomez, Carolyn M. Langois, Jessica B. S. Langbaum, Napatkamon Ayutyanont, Auttawut Roontiva, Pradeep Thiyyagura, Wendy Lee, Hua Mo, Liliana Lopez, Sonia Moreno, Natalia Acosta-Baena, Margarita Giraldo, Gloria Garcia, Rebecca A. Reiman, Matthew J. Kenneth Huentelman, S. Kosik, Pierre N. Tariot, Francisco Lopera, and Eric M. Reiman, “Florbetapir PET Analysis of Amyloid-β Deposition in the Presenilin 1 E280A Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease Kindred: A Cross-Sectional Study,”
The Lancet Neurology
11, no. 12 (2012): 1057–65.

13
. G. W. Small, P. Siddarth, V. Kepe, L. M. Ercoli, A. C. Burggren, S. Y. Bookheimer, K. J. Miller, J. Kim, H. Lavretsky, S.-C. Huang, and J. R. Barrio, “Prediction of Cognitive Decline by Positron Emission Tomography of Brain Amyloid and Tau,”
Archives of Neurology
69, no. 2 (2012): 215–22.

14
. www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/health/cte-study/index.html?hpt=hp_c2.

15
. B. Dubois, H. H. Feldman, C. Jacova, S. T. Dekosky, P. Barberger-Gateau, J. Cummings, A. Delacourte, D. Galasko, S. Gauthier, G. Jicha, K. Meguro, J. O’Brien, F. Pasquier, P. Robert, M. Rossor, S. Salloway, Y. Stern, P. J. Visser, and P. Scheltens, “Research Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA Criteria,”
The Lancet Neurology
6, no. 8 (2007): 734–46.

16
. D. Erten-Lyons, R. L. Woltjer, H. Dodge, R. Nixon, R. Vorobik, J. F. Calvert, M. Leahy, T. Montine, and J. Kaye, “Factors Associated with Resistance to Dementia Despite High Alzheimer Disease Pathology,”
Neurology
72, no. 4 (2009): 354–60.

17
. L. D. Baker, L. L. Frank, K. Foster-Schubert, P. S. Green, C. W. Wilkinson, A. McTiernan, S. R. Plymate, M. A. Fishel, G. S. Watson, B. A. Cholerton, G. E. Duncan, P. D. Mehta, and S. Craft, “Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial,”
Archives of Neurology
67, no. 1 (2010): 71–79.

18
. L. S. Nagamatsu, T. C. Handy, C. L. Hsu, M. Voss, and T. Liu-Ambrose, “Resistance Training Promotes Cognitive and Functional Brain Plasticity in Seniors with Probable Mild Cognitive Impairment,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
172, no. 8 (2012): 666–68.

19
. D. E. Barnes, K. Yaffe, N. Belfor, W. J. Jagust, C. DeCarli, B. R. Reed, and J. H. Kramer, “Computer-Based Cognitive Training for Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results from a Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial,”
Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders
23, no. 3 (2009): 205–10.

20
. V. C. Buschert, U. Friese, S. J. Teipel, P. Schneider, W. Merensky, D. Rujescu, H. J. Möller, H. Hampel, and K. Buerger, “Effects of a Newly Developed Cognitive Intervention in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study,”
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
25, no. 4 (2011): 679–94.

21
. S. S. Simon, J. E. Yokomizo, and C. M. Bottino, “Cognitive Intervention in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review,”
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
36, no. 4 (2012): 1163–78.

22
. www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_causes_risk_factors.asp.

Chapter 16: Back to the Future

1
. N. C. Berchtold and C. W. Cotman, “Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s,”
Neurobiology of Aging
19, no. 3 (1998): 173–89.

2
. Alois Alzheimer, “Über Eigenartige Krankheitsfälle des Späteren Alters [On Peculiar Cases of Disease at Higher Age],”
Neurologie und Psychiatrie
4 (1911): 256–86.

3
. J. Hardy and G. A. Higgins, “Alzheimer’s Disease: The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis,”
Science
256, no. 5054 (1992): 184–85.

4
. I. Prohovnik, D. P. Perl, K. L. Davis, L. Libow, G. Lesser, and V. Haroutunian, “Dissociation of Neuropathology from Severity of Dementia in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease,”
Neurology
66, no. 1 (2006): 49–55.

5
. George M. Savva, Stephen B. Wharton, Paul G. Ince, Gillian Forster, Fiona E. Matthews, and Carol Brayne, “Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Aging Study: Age, Neuropathology, and Dementia,”
New England Journal of Medicine
360, no. 22 (2009): 2302–9.

6
. Richard Robinson, “News from the AAN Annual Meeting: Multiple Pathologies in Many Alzheimer Disease Patients,”
Neurology Today
11, no. 11 (2011): 28–29.

7
. Majid Fotuhi, Vladimir Hachinski, and Peter J. Whitehouse, “Changing Perspectives Regarding Late-Life Dementia,”
Nature Reviews Neurology
5, no. 12 (2009): 649–58.

8
. Tom Valeo, “Autopsied Brains Show Seniors on Beta Blockers Had Fewer Signs of Dementia,”
Neurology Today
13, no. 5 (2013): 6–8.

9
. Denise Head, Julie M. Bugg, Alison M. Goate, Anne M. Fagan, Mark A. Mintun, Tammie Benzinger, David M. Holtzman, and John C. Morris, “Exercise Engagement as a Moderator of the Effects of APOE Genotype on Amyloid Deposition,”
Archives of Neurology
69, no. 5 (2012): 636–43.

10
. www.cnn.com/2013/01/22/health/cte-study/index.html?hpt=hp_c2.

Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

ABC technique, 108-9

abstract puzzles, 6

acetylcholine, 85, 257

activity level, 19, 46, 164

ADHD, 32, 53, 80, 95, 105

aging process, 14-19, 193; Alzheimer’s and, 241-61; stress and, 193; twelve-week plan and, 142-44.
See also
middle-age brain; old-age brain; young brain

alcohol, 20, 47, 51, 90, 151, 164, 168,
169,
174, 178, 180, 233-38, 242; benefits of, 234, 237; binge drinking, 236-38; dementia, 234, 235; harm to brain, 234-37; withdrawal and abstinence, 237-38

allergies, 52

alpha waves, 31, 32, 70, 175, 191, 200; exercise and, 70; meditation and, 95-98; neurofeedback, 104-6

Alzheimer, Alois, 254-59

Alzheimer’s disease, 7, 12, 19, 25, 34, 39, 40, 68, 76, 80, 82, 85, 87, 122, 168, 178, 193, 200, 202, 204, 205, 208, 211, 241-61; brain injury and, 225-26; causes of, 243-45; diagnosis, 245-49; early-onset, 243-44, 245, 255; history of, 253-59; late-onset, 241-61; plaques and tangles, 243-52, 254, 256-59; prevention and treatment, 251-52; slowing the slide, 249-51; terminology, 242-43, 258-59