Burning Down the House : The End of Juvenile Prison (9781595589668) (57 page)

135
  
limits the isolation of juveniles to a maximum of five days
: American Correctional Association,
Standards for Juvenile Detention Facilities
, 3rd ed. (Latham, MD: ACA, 1991), p. 67.

137
  
Writing for the majority
: Atul Gawande, “Hellhole: The United States Holds Tens of Thousands of Inmates in Long-Term Solitary Confinement. Is This Torture?”
New Yorker
, March 30, 2009,
www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/03/30/090330fa_fact_gawande
.

138
  
A U.S. federal court has also ruled on the issue
:
Morales v. Turman
, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Sherman Division, June 28, 1983,
tx.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19830628_0000011.ETX.htm/qx
.

141
  
But even the CIA shows more caution
: Will Ross, “CIA's Harsh Interrogation
Techniques Described,” ABC News, November 18, 2005,
abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Investigation/story?id=1322866
.

142
  
“Placing them in solitary confinement”
: Sue Burrell, “Reassessing Solitary Confinement: The Human Rights, Fiscal and Public Safety Consequences; Hearing Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights,” June 19, 2012,
solitarywatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/youth-law-center2.pdf
.

143
  
“Young people in solitary confinement”
: Kysel,
Growing Up Locked Down
, p. 42.

143
  
“For youth locked in a tiny room”
: Burrell, “Reassessing Solitary Confinement.”

144
  
Researchers have found
: Kysel,
Growing Up Locked Down
, p. 25.

144
  
“One of the paradoxes of solitary confinement”
: Gawande, “Hellhole.”

144
  
“begin to see themselves”
: Ibid.

145
  
“Many of the young people”
: Kysel,
Growing Up Locked Down
, p. 65.

145
  
“It may sound weird”
: Ibid., p. 61.

146
  
“That's when I started going crazy”
: Ibid.

146
  
Facilities that rely on solitary confinement
: Charles Samuels's testimony for “Reassessing Solitary Confinement: The Human Rights, Fiscal, and Public Safety Consequences,” United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., June 19, 2012,
www.justice.gov/ola/testimony/112-2/06-19-12-bop-samuels.pdf
.

146
  
These findings not only demolish “institutional safety”
: “Creating a Safe Correctional Environment for Youth and Staff,” Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, March 2012,
www.texascjc.org/sites/default/files/publications/Creating%20Safe%20Correctional%20Environment%20-%20Bexar%20Co%20SRRI%20(May%202012).pdf
.

147
  
Eddie Figueroa
: For more on Red Hook, see Chapter 13.

147
  
“fallen angels”
: Author's interview with Eddie Figueroa at Red Hook, July 31, 2012.

148
  
“Reassessing Solitary Confinement”
: Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights hearing, “Reassessing Solitary Confinement,” June 19, 2012,
www.hsdl.org/?view&did=713592
.

8. “Hurt People Hurt People”: Trauma and Incarceration

153
  
While only a minority of the young people
: Robert L. Listenbee Jr., Joe Torre, Gregory Boyle, Sharon W. Cooper, Sarah Deer, Deanne Tilton Durfee, Thea
James, et al., “Rethinking Our Juvenile Justice System,” in
Report of the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence
, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, December 12, 2012, chap. 6,
www.justicegov/defendingchildhood/cev-rpt-full.pdf
.

153
  
Survey of Youth in Residential Placement
: Andrea J. Sedlak and Karla McPherson, “Survey of Youth in Residential Placement: Youth's Needs and Services,”
Juvenile Justice Bulletin
, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, December 2010,
www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/227660.pdf
.

153
  
Thirty percent had been sexually or physically abused
: Andrea J. Sedlak and Karla S. McPherson, “Youth's Needs and Services: Findings from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement,”
Juvenile Justice Bulletin
, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, April 2010,
www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227728.pdf
.

153
  
“Most of these girls”
: Text of HR 1833: Improving the Juvenile Justice System for Girls Act of 2013,
www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1833/text
.

153
  
“first sexual encounter”
: Cited in ibid.

154
  
“The vast majority of children”
: Listenbee et al.,
Report of the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence
, pp. 21, 171–72.

157
  
“Traumatized kids need to feel”
: Lindsey Tanner, “What Heals Traumatized Kids? Answers Are Lacking,” Associated Press, February 11, 2013,
bigstory.ap.org/article/what-heals-traumatized-kids-answers-are-lacking
.

157
  
“Childhood victimization can have long lasting effects”
: U.S. Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence, University of Maryland hearing transcript, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, hearing 1, transcript 16,
www.ojjdp.gov/defendingchildhood/baltimore-hearing-transcript1-3.pdf
.

158
  
The correlation between childhood exposure to violence
: K.M. Abram, L.A. Teplin, D.R. Charles, S.L. Longworth, G.M. McClelland, and M. Dulcan, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Youth in Juvenile Detention,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
61 (2004): 403–10; J.D. Ford, J.D. Elhai, D.F. Connor, and B.C. Frueh, “Poly-Victimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
46, no. 6 (2010): 545–52; J.D. Ford, J.F. Chapman, J. Hawke, and D. Albert, “Trauma Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice Systems: Critical Issues and New Directions,” National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, 2007,
www.ncmhjj.com/pdfs/publications/Trauma_and_Youth.pdf
, all cited in Kristine Buffington, Carly B. Dierkhising, and Shawn C. Marsh, “Ten Things Every Juvenile Court Judge Should Know
About Trauma and Delinquency,” National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 2010, p. 2,
www.ncjfcj.org/sites/default/files/trauma%20bulletin_0.pdf
.

158
  
Ninety-two percent had experienced one or more forms of abuse
: Leslie Acoca, “Outside/Inside: The Violation of American Girls at Home, on the Streets, and in the Juvenile Justice System,”
Crime and Delinquency
44, no. 4 (October 1998): 565,
leslieacoca.org/images/Outside-Inside_-_The_Violation_of_American_Girls_at_Home_-_On_the_Streets_-_and_in_the_Juvenile_Justice_System_by_Leslie_Acoca.pdf
.

158
  
“The maltreatment of girls”
: Ibid., p. 566.

159
  
“Once girls have crossed the threshold”
: Ibid., p. 562.

160
  
“a source of power, prestige, security”
: Alex Kotlowitz, “The Price of Public Violence,”
New York Times
, February 25, 2013.

161
  
“What happened to you?”
: See the National Center for Trauma-Informed Care,
www.samhsa.gov/nctic/
.

161
  
“victimization, particularly victimization that goes unaddressed”
: Buffington et al., “Ten Things Every Juvenile Court Judge Should Know.”

166
  
“When you recognize from the bench”
: Eric Holder, “Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Defending Childhood Task Force Public Meeting,” Baltimore, MD, November 29, 2011,
www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2011/ag-speech-111129.html
.

167
  
Roland was “frozen”
: Listenbee et al.,
Report of the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence
.

167
  
These are the risk factors for juvenile delinquency
: Ibid.

167
  
signs and symptoms of childhood trauma
: Richard A. Mendel,
No Place for Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011), p. 16,
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
.

175
  
“It was so clear to me what incarceration did”
: Telephone interview with Danielle Sered.

180
  
mutual respect is key
: See Chapter 12.

9. The Things They Carry: Juvenile Reentry

181
  
“Society takes upon itself the right”
: Oscar Wilde,
De Profundis
(1905; New York: Random House, 2000).

182
  
“Holding other factors constant”
: All cited in Richard A. Mendel,
No Place for
Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011), pp. 10–11,
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
.

182
  
roughly one hundred thousand young people under age eighteen
: Because many state juvenile systems can keep young people in their care past the age of eighteen, the total number of individuals released from these facilities can be higher.

182
  
“are placed back into neighborhoods”
: National Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Coalition, “Promoting Safe Communities: Recommendations for the 113th Congress,” 2013–2014,
promotesafecommunities.org/images/pdfs/NJJDPC_RecstoCongress_03122013_web.pdf
.

183
  
reduced total time spent working
: Barry Holman and Jason Ziedenberg, “The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities,” Justice Policy Institute, 2006,
www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/dangers_of_detention.pdf
.

183
  
Even fifteen years down the line
: Dick Mendel, “In Juvenile Justice Care, Boys Get Worse,”
Youth Today
, March 5, 2010,
www.burnsinstitute.org/article.php?id=195
.

184
  
If the applicant is black
: Devah Pager, Bruce Western, and Naomi Sugie, “Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
623, no. 1 (May 2009),
www.princeton.edu/~pager/annals_sequencingdisadvantage.pdf
.

184
  
nearly half of the District's former prisoners are unemployed
: June Kress, “Statement of the Council for Court Excellence before the Committee on Housing and Workforce Development Council of the District of Columbia,” March 19, 2009,
www.courtexcellence.org/uploads/publications/2009_Reentry_OEOA_to_DC_Council.pdf
.

184
  
“a negative effect on the economic well-being”
: Holman and Ziedenberg, “Dangers of Detention.”

184
  
“Areas with the most rapidly rising rates”
: Ibid.

187
  
“Juveniles and young adults may be incarcerated”
: William H. Barton, André B. Rosay, and G. Roger Jarjoura, “Applying a Developmental Lens to Juvenile Re-entry and Reintegration,”
OJJDP Journal of Juvenile Justice
1, no. 2 (Spring 2012),
www.journalofjuvjustice.org/JOJJ0102/article07.htm
.

190
  
“Reincorporation is characterized by elaborate rituals”
: Arnold van Gennep,
The Rites of Passage
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 166.

197
  
Fewer than 15 percent of kids who get locked up
: R. Balfanz, K. Spiridakis,
R. Neild, and N. Legters, “Neighborhood Schools and the Juvenile Justice System: How Neither Helps the Other and How that Could Change” (paper presented at the School to Jail Pipeline Conference, Harvard University, 2003), cited in Holman and Ziederberg,
Dangers of Detention
, p. 9.

197
  
Completing the vicious cycle
: Coalition for Juvenile Justice, “Abandoned in the Back Row: New Lessons in Education and Delinquency Prevention,” 2001 annual report,
www.juvjustice.org/sites/default/files/resource-files/resource_122_0.pdf
; “Re-engaging High School Dropouts as Growth Strategy for PA,” Operation Restart, n.d., Harrisburg, PA,
www.papartnerships.org/reports/re-engaging/re-engaging_hs_dropouts.pdf
.