Burning Down the House : The End of Juvenile Prison (9781595589668) (59 page)

219
  
“devastating. At least it was for me”
: Ibid.

219
  
She was carrying that flag
: author interview with Gladys Carrión.

219
  
“At that point . . . that we institutionalize”
: Ibid.

221
  
“I came in with an opinion”
: Vincent Schiraldi, speaking at “Shutting Down the Massachusetts Training Schools” symposium, Washington, DC, December 6, 2011, author's notes.

11. A Better Mousetrap: The Therapeutic Prison

224
  
“At first I was very bitter”
: Marilyn Jones,
From Crack to College and Vice Versa
(Amazon Digital Services, 2013), p. 19.

224
  
Riley and Kent, nineteen, had been given the task of showing me around
: Red
Wing was the only facility I visited where young people were permitted to show me around unattended by adult staff.

226
  
“to recognize that when”
: Edwin M. Schur,
Radical Non-intervention: Rethinking the Delinquency Problem
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973), p. 128.

227
  
Now he was preparing to retire
: After his retirement, Zanders would go on to become the president and CEO of the St. Paul–based Ujamaa Place, which supports young African American men in turning their lives around; see ujamaa
place.org
.

228
  
“the name ‘State Training School'”
: Otis Zanders, “MCF-Red Wing Perspectives on the State Juvenile Criminal Justice System,” Council on Crime and Justice,
www.crimeandjustice.org/councilinfo.cfm?pID=47
.

232
  
Both had adult sentences hanging over their heads
: Interestingly, the Extended Juvenile Jurisdiction statute includes a provision that time served in a juvenile facility be deducted from any adult sentence later imposed. The wording of this provision seems to contradict the notion that a juvenile facility is something other than a prison: “If the court revokes the probationer's extended jurisdiction juvenile status, the court shall ensure that the record accurately reflects all time spent in custody in connection with the underlying offense at juvenile facilities where the level of confinement and limitations are the functional equivalent of a jail, workhouse, or regional correctional facility. Such time shall be deducted from any adult sentence imposed pursuant to Minnesota Statutes”; see Minnesota Statutes, section 609.14, subdivision 3, in
www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/rule.php?name=jurjdp-19
.

233
  
brought the population down from ten thousand to fewer than a thousand
: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Department of Juvenile Justice, “Population Overview as of December 31, 2012,”
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/docs/research/POPOVER2012.pdf
.

235
  
Placing young people in juvenile facilities
: D.A. Andrews, I. Zinger, R.D. Hoge, J. Bonta, P. Gendreau, and F.R. Cullen, “Does Correctional Treatment Work? A Clinically Relevant and Psychologically Informed Meta-Analysis,”
Criminology
28, no. 3 (1990): 369–404, cited in “The Costs of Confinement: Why Good Juvenile Justice Policies Make Good Fiscal Sense,” Justice Policy Institute, 2009,
www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/09_05_REP_CostsofConfinement_JJ_PS.pdf
, p. 12.

236
  
That law defined the mandate
: Peggy A. Engram, “California Youth Authority,”
www.sagepub.com/upm-data/2791_Juvenile_Justice_samples.pdf
, p. 4.

236
  
At its apex, the California Youth Authority
: Tim Cavanaugh, “The Golden State's Iron Bars: How California Prison Guards Became the Country's
Most Powerful Union,”
Reason
, July 2011,
reason.com/archives/2011/06/23/the-golden-states-iron-bars
.

236
  
Then the pendulum swung once again
: Barry Krisberg, “The Long and Winding Road: Juvenile Corrections Reform in California,” University of California, Berkeley, May 2011,
www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Long_and_Winding_Road_Publication-final.pdf
.

243
  
At the Giddings School
: Molly Totman, “Youth Experiences at Giddings State School,” Texas Criminal Justice Association, March 2012,
www.texascjc.org/sites/default/files/publications/Youth%20Experiences%20at%20Giddings%20(Mar%202012).pdf
. They also ranked family involvement as the second-most important thing to them and complained that the school's location made it difficult for them to see their family members.

245
  
State officials attribute some or all of this uptick
: Alysia Santo, “State's ‘Insecure' Youth Centers: Assaults Rise on Workers and Residents at OCFS Juvenile Detention Sites,”
Times Union
(Albany), January 6, 2013,
www.timesunion.com/default/article/State-s-insecure-youth-centers-4168223.php
.

246
  
“teenage detainees gang up on a much larger staff member”
: Ibid.

246
  
“Now we have to wait”
: Ibid.

250
  
In New York
: Mosi Secret, “States Prosecute Fewer Teenagers in Adult Courts,”
New York Times
, March 5, 2011, p. 16. See also Governor David Paterson's Task Force on Transforming Juvenile Justice, “Charting a New Course: A Blueprint for Transforming Juvenile Justice in New York State,” New York: Vera Institute of Justice, December 2009, p. 16,
www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/Charting-a-new-course-A-blueprint-for-transforming-juvenile-justice-in-New-York-State.pdf
.

250
  
“This investment”
: Ibid., p. 14.

251
  
64 percent of youth at low-level facilities
: Ibid., p. 23.

251
  
the majority of kids in these places—56 percent
: Ibid.

252
  
“the awesome prospect of incarceration”
:
In re Gault
, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 36–37, in Barry C. Feld,
Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 123.

252
  
“Commitment is a deprivation of liberty”
: Feld,
Bad Kids
, p. 250.

252
  
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
:
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
, 403 U.S. 528, at 551–52; Feld,
Bad Kids
, p. 246.

252
  
“Sometimes punishment is treatment”
: Feld,
Bad Kids
, p. 252.

12. Only Connect: Rehabilitation Happens in the Context of Relationship

254
  
“We are all born for love”
: Benjamin Disraeli,
Sybil
,
or The Two Nations
, book 5, chap. 4.

256
  
“It's a corrupt belief”
: Mark Woods, “ ‘Baby-Faced' Boy's Case Highlights Debate About Trying Juveniles,”
Florida Times-Union
, June 4, 2011,
jacksonville.com/news/crime/2011-06-04/story/baby-faced-boys-case-highlights-debate-about-trying-juveniles
.

260
  
George W. Bush
: “When I was young and irresponsible, I was young and irresponsible,” Bush was quoted as telling reporters who asked him about persistent rumors that he had used cocaine. The president did acknowledge that he had been pulled over for drunk driving and paid the ensuing fine. According to his former press secretary, he habitually deflected questions about both the DUI and alleged cocaine use by “segue[ing] into the broader point he wanted to emphasize: the most important message baby boomers such as himself could send to their children is that they have learned from experience and that their children should avoid repeating their mistakes”; see George W. Bush link at
ontheissues.org
review of Scott McClellan,
What Happened
(New York: Public Affairs, 2008),
www.ontheissues.org/What_Happened.htm
.

261
  
Babies who are not held or touched
: Daniel Goleman, “The Experience of Touch: Research Points to a Critical Role,”
New York Times
, February 2, 1988.

261
  
it took being treated for a drug problem
: This also is something I've heard many times—that in order to get anything but the most cursory therapeutic intervention under the auspices of the juvenile court, it is necessary to demonstrate the symptoms of addiction. What treatment is available for traumatized youth tends to be reserved for those who have attempted to self-medicate with illegal drugs.

262
  
“diving into the wreck”
: Adrienne Rich, “Diving into the Wreck,” in
Diving into the Wreck: Poems, 1971–72
(1973; New York: W.W. Norton, 1994).

269
  
describing something he had found post-incarceration at Roca
: Case study on Roca website,
rocainc.org
.

13. Connection in Action: Transforming Juvenile Justice

274
  
Pathways to Desistance
: Edward P. Mulvey, “Highlights from Pathways to Desistance: A Longitudinal Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders,” U.S.
Department of Justice, Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet, 2011,
ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/230971.pdf
.

277
  
MST reduces subsequent arrests
: Richard A. Mendel,
No Place for Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011),
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
.

277
  
the Redirection Program
: Ibid., p. 17.

278
  
Juvenile incarceration . . . runs an average of $88,000 per youth
: Ibid.

278
  
an estimated $88,953 per participant
: Elizabeth K. Drake, Steve Aos, and Marna G. Miller, “Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Crime and Criminal Justice Costs: Implications in Washington State,”
Victims and Offenders
4, no. 2 (2009),
www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptfiles/09-00-1201.pdf
.

279
  
Despite the widespread agreement about the effectiveness
: Peter W. Greenwood, Brandon C. Welsh, Michael Rocque, “Implementing Proven Programs for Juvenile Offenders,” Association for the Advancement of Evidence-Based Programs, December 2012,
www.advancingebp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/AEBP-assessment.pdf
.

279
  
“even in jurisdictions where such programs have been adopted”
: Ibid., p. 21.

281
  
$18.5 billion in crime-related expenses
: Bill DeBaun and Martens Roc, “Saving Futures, Saving Dollars: The Impact of Education on Crime Reduction and Earnings,” Alliance for Excellent Education, September 2013,
all4ed.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/SavingFutures.pdf
.

281
  
youths with jobs are less likely to break the law
: Chester L. Britt, “Reconsidering the Unemployment and Crime Relationship: Variation by Age Group and Historical Period,”
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
13, no. 4 (1997): 405–28, cited in “Costs of Confinement.”

281
  
Victor Rios
: Victor Rios,
Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys
(New York: New York University Press, 2011).

281
  
Noting that of the forty Oakland, California, youths
: Ibid., p. 162.

284
  
just over a quarter had recidivated in the strictest sense
: “MO Juvenile Offender Recidivism,” 2009 Statewide Juvenile Court Report, Supreme Court of Missouri, Office of State Courts Administrator, September 2009.

284
  
84 percent of Missouri system graduates
: Tim Decker, “The Missouri Division of Youth Services and Juvenile Justice System: Brief Overview,” July 23, 2009, cited in Vincent Schiraldi, Marc Schindler, and Sean J. Goliday, “The End of the Reform School?” New York Task Force on Transforming Juvenile Justice Report, 2009.

285
  
the so-called dangerous few
: At the same time, it is worth noting that Missouri
facilities hold young people on a range of charges, not only those who pose a threat to others.

285
  
“Throughout their stays in DYS”
: Richard A. Mendel, “Juvenile Confinement in Context,”
American Educator
, Summer 2012, p. 7,
www.aft.org/pdfs/americaneducator/summer2012/mendel.pdf

287
  
Just over half the youth committed to the Missouri Department of Youth Services
: 2009 Statewide Juvenile Court Report.

287
  
lower-level offenders—12 percent of the total population
: Richard A. Mendel,
The Missouri Model: Reinventing the Practice of Rehabilitating Youthful Offenders
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2010).