Burning Down the House : The End of Juvenile Prison (9781595589668) (58 page)

197
  
Sixty-nine percent reported that they faced obstacles
: “Families Unlocking Futures: Solutions to the Crisis in Juvenile Justice,” Justice for Families, Data-Center, September 2012,
www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/Fam_Unlock_Future_EXEC_SUMNOEMBARGO.pdf
.

10. A New Wave of Reform

201
  
Over the course of a single decade
: Sarah Bryer and Marc Levin, “The Comeback States: Reducing Youth Incarceration in the United States,” National Juvenile Justice Network and Texas Public Policy Foundation, 2013, p. 2,
www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/Comeback-States-Report_FINAL.pdf
.

201
  
it has picked up speed in recent years
: Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Reducing Youth Incarceration in the United States,” Kids Count Data Snapshot, February 2013, p. 2,
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Initiatives/KIDS%20COUNT/R/ReducingYouthIncarcerationSnapshot/DataSnapshotYouthIncarceration.pdf
.

201
  
Fewer juvenile prisoners means fewer juvenile prisons
: Richard A. Mendel,
No Place for Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011),
www.aecf.org/OurWork/JuvenileJustice/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
.

202
  
about 10,000 in 1996
: Barry Krisberg, Linh Vong, Christopher Hartney, and Susan Marchionna, “A New Era in California Juvenile Justice: Downsizing the State's Youth Corrections System,” National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2010,
www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/a-new-era.pdf
.

202
  
922 in June 2012
: “Characteristics of Population: June 2012,” California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Justice,
www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/docs/research/06-2012%20CHARACTERISTICS.pdf
.

202
  
4,700 in fiscal year 2006
: Texas Juvenile Probation Commission and Texas Youth Authority,
Coordinated Strategic Plan Fiscal Year 2010
,
www.tjjd.texas.gov/publications/reports/RPTSTRAT201001.pdf
.

202
  
1,500 in 2012
: Texas Juvenile Justice Department, “Strategic Plan 2013–2017: Protecting Texas by Positively Changing the Lives of Youth,” June 2012,
www.tjjd.texas.gov/publications/reports/TJJD%20Strategic%20Plan%20-%20FINAL%20-%20JULY%202012.pdf
.

202
  
The state's juvenile incarceration rate . . . remains among the highest in the nation
: Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Reducing Youth Incarceration,” p. 2.

202
  
A recent class action lawsuit
: Susan Ferriss, “Suit Alleges Mistreatment of California Minors with Mental Health Problems,” Center for Public Integrity, August 9, 2013,
www.publicintegrity.org/2013/08/09/13152/suit-alleges-mistreatment-california-minors-mental-health-problems
.

203
  
“are routinely locked for days”
: Ibid.

203
  
The suit cites California law
: Ibid.

203
  
Juvenile crime rates have been declining across the board
: Mendel,
No Place for Kids
, p. 27. See also Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Reducing Youth Incarceration,” p. 2.

203
  
throw-the-book-at-'em regions
: Mendel,
No Place for Kids
.

204
  
In Arkansas, an exposé
: Mary Hargrove, “Welcome to Hell: Troubled Youth in State Custody Face ‘Lesson-Teaching' Beatings, Filthy Quarters, Cramped Cells, Unwanted Sex, and Caretakers Who Don't Care,”
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
, June 14, 1998, cited in Mendel,
No Place for Kids
.

205
  
in Louisiana, for example
: For more on family activism in Louisiana, see Families and Friends of Louisiana's Incarcerated Children at
www.fflic.org
. For more on the national family movement, see Justice for Families at
www.justice4families.org
.

206
  
$88,000 per year
: Bryer and Levin, “Comeback States,” p. 2.

206
  
we could support about ten kids a year
: Richard A. Mendel,
The Missouri Model: Reinventing the Practice of Rehabilitating Youthful Offenders
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2010),
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Initiatives/Juvenile%20Detention%20Alternatives%20Initiative/MOModel/MO_Fullreport_webfinal.pdf
.

206
  
the Great Recession
: Eileen A.J. Connelly, “Economic Crisis Timeline: '00s Decade in Review,”
Huffington Post
, December 18, 2009,
www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/18/economic-crisis-timeline-_n_397360.html
.

206
  
a total state budget shortfall of $191 billion
: Phil Oliff, Chris Mai, and Vincent Palacios, “States Continue to Feel Recession's Impact,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, June 27, 2012,
www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711
.

206
  
46.2 million Americans were living below the poverty line
: Sabrina Tavernise, “Soaring Poverty Casts Spotlight on ‘Lost Decade,' ”
New York Times
, September 13, 2011.

207
  
This part of the brain
: Claudia Dreifus, “Developmental Psychologist Says Teenagers Are Different,”
New York Times
, November 30, 2009.

207
  
“Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity”
: Richard J. Bonnie, Robert L. Johnson, Betty M. Cherners, and Julie Schuck, eds.,
Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach
(Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2013), summary.

208
  
the opportunity to develop critical thinking and decision-making skills
: James Swift, “National Academies Report Says Teen Neurology Should Shape Juvenile Justice Reform Efforts,”
Juvenile Justice Information Exchange
, November 15, 2012,
jjie.org/national-academies-report-says-teen-neurology-should-shape-juvenile-justice-reform-efforts/98667
.

208
  
Roper v. Simmons
: Andrew Cohen, “Should Teen Murderers Receive Life Without Parole?”
The Atlantic
, March 19, 2012,
www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/03/should-teen-murderers-receive-life-without-parole/254667/
.

209
  
all relied on the understanding that there were fundamental differences
: Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Reducing Youth Incarceration,” p. 2.

209
  
Writing for the majority in
Miller
:
Miller v. Alabama
, Supreme Court of the United States, 2012,
www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-9646g2i8.pdf
.

209
  
“Advocates for juvenile justice reform”
: National Juvenile Justice Network, “Polling on Public Attitudes About the Treatment of Young Offenders,” Washington, DC, 2008,
www.pendulumfoundation.com/Polling%20on%20Public%20Attitudes.pdf
.

210
  
Multiple polls bolster this conclusion
: National Juvenile Justice Network, “Polling on Public Attitudes About the Treatment of Young Offenders,” Washington, DC,
www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/resource_633.pdf
.

210
  
62 percent favored
: Ibid.

210
  
several evidence-based interventions that have shown great success
: See Chapter 13 for more on these evidence-based programs.

211
  
symposium on the legacy of another iconoclastic administrator
: “Shutting Down the Massachusetts Training Schools: Reflections from the Past, Present
and Future,” hosted by the Annie E. Casey Foundation and Youth Advocacy Programs, Washington, DC, December 6, 2011.

211
  
appointed to run the Massachusetts system
: David C. Anderson, “Let His Children Go,”
New York Times
, January 26, 1992.

211
  
“nightmarish outposts of abuse”
: Richard A. Hogarty,
Massachusetts Politics and Public Policy: Studies in Power and Leadership
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), p. 78.

212
  
“Training staff in new methods”
: Jerome G. Miller,
Last One Over the Wall: The Massachusetts Experiment in Closing Reform Schools
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), p. 91.

212
  
“It hit me with the full force of conviction”
: Ibid., p. 120.

212
  
Stubborn Child Law
: John R. Sutton, “Stubborn Children: Law and the Socialization of Deviance in the Puritan Colonies,”
Family Law Quarterly
12, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 31–64.

212
  
Industrial School for Boys
: Julie Masis, “Good, Bad of Reform School Recalled,”
Boston Globe
, July 19, 2009.

212
  
He took the brass locks off the isolation rooms
: “I'll bury Miller. He's a nut. He's insane. He belongs in an insane asylum,” Democratic legislator Robert McGinn is said to have shouted, apparently advocating that not only wayward youth but also noncompliant administrators ought to be institutionalized. Ibid., 79.

213
  
“As a new commissioner five years ago”
: Gladys Carrión, presentation at “Shutting Down the Massachusetts Training Schools” symposium, December 6, 2011, author's notes.

214
  
a continuum of community-based and alternative programs
: “ACS Joins with Juvenile Justice Leaders Citywide to Announce the Closing of Bridges Juvenile Center,” New York Administration for Children's Services, press release, March 31, 2011,
www.nyc.gov/html/acs/html/pr_archives/pr11_03_31.shtml
.

214
  
New York State has closed down eighteen facilities
: Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Shutting Upstate Jails Has Made a Fiery Bronx Bureaucrat a Host of Enemies,”
Village Voice
, August 4, 2010,
www.villagevoice.com/2010-08-04/news/gladys-carrion-upstate-jails-for-city-kids-bronx/
.

215
  
“among the most hostile juvenile justice agencies”
: Mie Lewis,
Custody and Control: Conditions of Confinement in New York's Juvenile Prisons for Girls
(New York: Human Rights Watch/American Civil Liberties Union, 2006), p. 4,
www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0906/us0906webwcover.pdf
.

215
  
“The boys had been on lockdown”
: Jennifer Gonnerman, “The Lost Boys of Tryon,”
New York
, January 24, 2010,
nymag.com/news/features/63239/
.

215
  
the staff members involved were never indicted
: Ibid.

215
  
the state settled with the boy's family for $3.5 million
: Jamie J. Fader, “Change Is a Start, Not an End,”
Times Union
(Albany), June 19, 2013,
www.timesunion.com/default/article/Change-is-a-start-not-an-end-4609990.php
.

215
  
she sat in her car and wept
: Gonnerman, “Lost Boys of Tryon.”

215
  
a video of a Tryon aide punching a boy
: Ibid.

216
  
“a litany of abuses”
: Ibid.

216
  
That body reached the sweeping conclusion
: Governor Paterson's Task Force on Transforming Juvenile Justice,
Charting a New Course: A Blueprint for Transforming Juvenile Justice in New York State
(New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2009), p. 88,
www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/Charting-a-new-course-A-blueprint-for-transforming-juvenile-justice-in-New-York-State.pdf
.

216
  
Carrión faced resistance
: Alysia Santo, “State's ‘Insecure' Youth Centers,”
Times Union
(Albany), January 6, 2013,
www.timesunion.com/local/article/State-s-insecure-youth-centers-4168223.php
.

216
  
“It's easy to say”
: Author interview with Gladys Carrión in her New York office, July 27, 2012.

217
  
“It literally broke my heart”
: Dwoskin, “Shutting Upstate Jails.”

218
  
“I am not running the Economic Development Agency”
: Ibid.

218
  
“routinely used uncontrolled, unsafe applications of force”
: U.S. Justice Department, CRIPA Investigation of the Lansing Residential Center, Louis Gossett Jr. Residential Center, Tryon Residential Center, and Tryon Girls Center, August 14, 2009.

218
  
“they found that our system practices”
: Carrión, presentation at “Shutting Down the Massachusetts Training Schools” symposium.