Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (79 page)

146
Peter Catterall (ed.),
The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957
, Macmillan, London, 2003, p. 382 (entry for 20 Jan. 1955).

147
Ian Gilmour,
Inside Right: A Study of Conservatism
, Hutchinson, London, 1977, p. 134.

148
Winston James, ‘The Black Experience in Twentieth Century Britain’, in Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins (eds.),
Black Experience and the Empire
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.

149
Zig Layton-Henry,
The Politics of Immigration: Immigration, ‘Race’ and ‘Race’ Relations in Post-war Britain
, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 31.

150
Hyam,
Britain’s Declining Empire
, p. 217.

151
Quotations in Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians
, p. 214.

152
‘Change in World Outlook’,
The Times
, 22 April 1953; Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 28 April 1953, CC (53) 29th, NA, CAB 195/11.

153
WSC, ‘Report on visit to Natal’, 7 Oct. 1941, NA, PREM 4/44/1. Churchill’s purpose in writing this note was to defend the British inhabitants of Natal against the aspersions he thought had been cast on them by Lord Harlech, the High Commissioner to South Africa, in a report on his visit to the territory. Harlech had criticized them for being indifferent to the need for cooperation between races.

154
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 March 1954, CC (54) 17th, NA, CAB 195/12.

155
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 526, 13 April 1954, col. 966.

156
WSC, minute of 30 Aug. 1954, NA, PREM 11/1765.

157
Hyam,
Britain’s Declining Empire
, p. 220.

158
See ibid., pp. 168–70, 217.

159
Kwame Nkrumah,
The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah
, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh, 1957, p. 103.

160
Hyam,
Britain’s Declining Empire
, p. 182.

161
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 27 May 1953, CC (53) 34th, NA, CAB 195/11.

162
David Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, esp. pp. 1, 5, 7, 84, 152.

163
Philip Murphy,
Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography
, I. B. Tauris, London, 1999, p. 149.

164
‘Irony of Churchill’s Nobel Prize and Kenyans’ Sufferings’,
East African Standard
, 3 Feb. 2007.

165
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 62.

166
Lord Alexander to WSC, 30 Oct. 1952, NA, PREM 11/472.

167
WSC to Alexander and Oliver Lyttelton, 12 Nov. 1952, ibid.

168
WSC to Lyttelton, 26 Nov. 1952, ibid.

169
Churchill was properly sceptical of a news report, published within a few days of the massacre, which said that of a thousand people rounded up afterwards two or three hundred had been identified as perpetrators. How, he wondered, could they have been identified so quickly? See Anthony Montague Brown to P. J. Kitcatt, 29 March 1953, ibid.

170
WSC to Anthony Eden, 28 March 1953, ibid.

171
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 105.

172
WSC to Lord Swinton, 20 April 1953, NA, DO 35/5340, in David Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1951–1957
, Series A, vol. III, part 1:
International Relations
, HMSO, London, 1994, p. 132.

173
Quoted in Caroline Elkins,
Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
, Jonathan Cape, London, 2005, p. 52.

174
Ibid., p. 53.

175
Paul Addison,
Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955
, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), pp. 119–20.

176
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 3 March 1947, col. 42.

177
For the details of the case see Richard Rathbone, ‘A Murder in the Colonial Gold Coast: Law and Politics in the 1940s’,
Journal of African History
, 30 (1989), pp. 445–61, and Stacey Hynd, ‘Imperial Gallows: Capital Punishment, Violence and Colonial Rule in Britain’s African Territories, c. 1903–68’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 2007, pp. 205–14.

178
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 154.

179
Cabinet minutes, 21 May 1953, CC (53) 33rd, NA, CAB 128/26.

180
Lyttelton to Evelyn Baring, 28 May 1953, NA, CO 822/702, quoted in Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 154.

181
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 154.

182
Ibid., pp. 230–4.

183
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB 195/11.

184
Cabinet minutes, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB/128/27.

185
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 10 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 8th, NA, CAB 195/11.

186
Telegram from Baring, 1 March 1954, NA, PREM 11/696.

187
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 17 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 9th, NA, CAB 195/11.

188
Cabinet minutes, 1 March 1954, CC (54) 13th, NA, CAB 128/27.

189
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, p. 234.

190
‘Action in Kenya Criticized’,
The Times
, 5 March 1954.

191
Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, pp. 275–6.

192
Michael Blundell,
A Love Affair with the Sun: A Memoir of Seventy Years in Kenya
, Kenway Publications, Nairobi, 1994, p. 109.

193
Elkins,
Britain’s Gulag
, p. 280.

194
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 13 Jan. 1955, CC (55) 3rd, and 13 Jan. 1955, CC (55) 4th, NA, CAB 195/13.

195
Quoted in D. J. Morgan,
The Official History of Colonial Development
, vol. V:
Guidance Towards Self-Government in British Colonies, 1941–1971
, Macmillan, London, 1980, p. 59.

196
K. P. S. Menon,
The Flying Troika
, Oxford University Press, London, 1963, p. 45 (entry for 16 May 1953).

197
Dwight Eisenhower to WSC, 22 July, 1954, in Peter G. Boyle (ed.),
The Churchill–Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955
, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1990, p. 164.

198
WSC to Eisenhower, 8 Aug. 1954, ibid., p. 167.

199
Catterall,
Macmillan Diaries
, p. 338 (entry for 23 July 1954).

200
Nemon, unpublished memoirs, p. 72.

201
Nirad C. Chaudhuri,
Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952
, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 757.

202
Amery diary, 5 April 1955, Leo Amery Papers, 7/49.

203
‘Sir W. Churchill on “Great Patriot” ’,
The Times
, 17 Sept. 1955.

204
Quoted in Gilbert,
‘Never Despair’
, p. 1121.

205
F. A. Ridley, ‘The Last of the Victorians’,
Socialist Leader
, 16 April 1955. The
Daily Worker
was also unaffected by the strike, as were local newspapers outside London.

206
‘Churchill démissione’,
l’Humanité
, 6 April 1955.

207
‘Sir Anthony to Succeed Sir Winston’,
Daily Graphic
, 7 April 1955.

EPILOGUE

1
Anita Leslie,
Cousin Clare: The Tempestuous Career of Clare Sheridan
, Hutchinson, London, 1976, p. 263. Emphasis in original.

2
John Colville,
The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, p. 708.

3
Daily Telegraph
, 3 Jan. 1956, quoted in D. R. Thorpe,
Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977
, Chatto & Windus, London, 2003, p. 459.

4
WSC to Clementine Churchill, 3 Aug. 1956, in Mary Soames (ed.),
Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill
, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 610.

5
Peter Catterall (ed.),
The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957
, Macmillan, London, 2003, p. 584 (entry for 6 Aug. 1956).

6
Clarissa Eden,
A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2007, p. 237.

7
Catterall,
Macmillan Diaries
, p. 585 (entry for 7 Aug. 1956).

8
Andrew J. Goodpaster, ‘Memorandum of a Conference with the President, 30 Oct. 1956’, FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. XVI, p. 853.

9
‘Sir W. Churchill’s Support’,
The Times
, 5 Nov. 1956.

10
Colville,
Fringes of Power
, p. 721.

11
Mark Pottle (ed.),
Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 1946–1969
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000, p. 185 (entry for 15 Jan. 1957). Emphasis in original.