45 Mary Abdelmassih, “Muslims Burning Christian Homes an ‘Act of Fate,’ Say Egyptian Police,” Assyrian International News Agency, November 20, 2010, http://www.aina.org/news/20101120134121.htm .
54 Mona Nagger and Nick Amies, “Iraqi Christians Fear Escalating Persecution As US Forces Withdraw,” Assyrian International News Agency, October 9, 2010, http://www.aina.org/news/2010109140406.htm .
55 Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 242.
56 Adel Guindy, Hikayat al-Ihtilal , in translation,“Stories of the Occupation: Correcting Misunderstandings,” (Cairo: Middle East Freedom Forum, 2009), 88.
59 Adel Guindy, Hikayat al-Ihtilal , in translation,“Stories of the Occupation: Correcting Misunderstandings,” (Cairo: Middle East Freedom Forum, 2009), 117–131.
60 Sidney H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 11.
61 To give them their modern names, not necessarily the names they were known by during the conquests.
62 Alfred Butler, The Arab Invasion of Egypt and the Last 30 Years of Roman Dominion (Brooklyn: A & B Publishers, 1992), 464.
64 Nomikos Michael Vaporis, Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437-1860 (Crestwood: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2000), 62–64.
67 Unlike the Janissaries, who were exclusively “recruited” (that is, abducted and enslaved as children) from the many conquered Christian populations under the Ottoman Empire, the Mamluks were derived from Christians and others, notably pre-Islamic Turkic peoples.
77 It is interesting to note that the Arabic relative pronoun used to indicate these captive women is “ma”: ma [what] malakat [possess] aymanukum [your right hands], literally, “ what your right hands possess” (see Shakir’s acclaimed English translation which most literally translates this). In Arabic, when one refers to a rational being (i.e., a human), the word used is man , which means “who(ever)”; ma , on the other hand, refers only to things or animals—trees, rocks, dogs and cats—very much similar to the English “it.” Thus, in proper Arabic the phrase might have been man malakat aymanukum : “whom(ever) your rights hands possess.” Revered Islamic scholar al-Qurtubi (d.1273) also observed this point in vol. 5, p.12 of his authoritative 20-volume Tafsir Al Koran (Exegesis of the Koran). He points out that members of the human race should be referred to with man (who), whereas only “inanimate objects” or “brute beasts” should be referred to with ma (what). This phenomenon (portraying concubines as nonhuman) accords well with a number of hadiths that place females and animals in the same category. Musnad Ibn Hanbal (vol. 2, p. 2992), for example, records Muhammad saying “Women, dogs, and donkeys annul a man’s prayer.” Indeed, in Qurtubi’s same Tafsir (vol.15, p. 172), after examining such hadiths, he writes, “A Woman may be likened to a sheep—even a cow or a camel—for all are ridden.”
78 “Kuwaiti Activist Calls for ‘Legal Age for Female Slaves’ to Protect Men from Depravity,” Al Arabiya , June 4, 2011, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/04/151770.html , translation by the author. Video of Mutairi is embedded in report.
80 Arabic video of television show on which Qutb was pressured to respond to sex-slavery and stormed out, Rfyreytert Asdas, YouTube video, October 16, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCmRnit6IMM , translation by the author.
82 Mary Abdelmassih, “Report: Egyptian Muslim Ring Uses Sexual Coercion to Convert Christian Girls,” Assyrian International News Agency, July 13, 2011, http://www.aina.org/news/20110712201559.htm .
88 Mary Abdelmassih, “Muslim Gang Attempts to Kidnap Egyptian Christian Mother, 4 Dead,” Assyrian International News Agency, October 18, 2012, http://www.aina.org/news/20121017202832.htm .
90 “PAKISTAN: The forced marriages of religious minority women must be annuled and the victims returned to their families and communities,” Asian Human Rights Commission , October 25, 2011, http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AHRC-STM-159-2011 .