Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (147 page)

32.
At the time, many localities still had “revolutionary committees,” that is, government offices that included many local officials who were military careerists and some civilian officials who had also been given concurrent military titles.

33.
Su Tairen,
Deng Xiaoping shengping quan jilu
, 2:623–624.

34.
Wang Enmao [then first party secretary of Jilin province], “Jueding Zhongguo mingyun de ‘gongzuo zhongdian zhuanyi’” (Determine the Fate of China's “Shift in Focus”), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian: Zhongyang gongzuo huiyi, shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qinli ji
(The 41 Days That Changed the Fate of China: A Record of My Experience at the Central Work Conference of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee) (Shenzhen: Haitian chubanshe, 1998), pp. 204–206;
SWDXP-2
, pp. 137–139.

35.
Li Desheng, “Weida de zhuanzhe, lishi de biran: Huiyi shiyijie sanzhong quanhui de zhaokai” (A Great Turning Point, the Inevitability of History: Recollections on the Opening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, pp. 231–235.

36.
DXPSTW
, p. 131; Yu's original book in Chinese is Yu Guangyuan,
1978: Wo qinli de naci lishi zhuanzhe; Shiyijie sanzhong quanhui de taiqian muhou
(1978: My Experience at that Historical Turning Point; Behind the Curtain of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee) (Beijing: Zhongyang bianyi chubanshe, 1998). Li Xiangqian and Han Gang, “Xin faxian Deng Xiaoping yu Hu Yaobang deng sanci tanhua jilu,” pp. 190–200.

37.
DXPSTW;
see also Zhu Jiamu,
Wo suo zhidao de shiyijie zhong sanzhong quanhui
(What I Know about the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998), pp. 46–181.

38.
DXPNP
-2, p. 415, end of October; Su Tairen,
Deng Xiaoping shengping quan jilu
, 2:625.

39.
Li Xiangqian and Han Gang, “Xin faxian Deng Xiaoping yu Hu Yaobang deng sanci tanhua jilu,” pp. 129–148;
DXPSTW
, pp. 128–148.

40.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 167–168.

41.
DXPSTW
, pp. 18–22.

42.
Ibid., pp. 29–32.

43.
This information is from my meetings with Southeast Asian officials with whom Deng interacted during his visit to the region.

44.
Zhu Jiamu, “Hu Qiaomu zai shiyijie sanzhong quan huishang” (Hu Qiaomu at the Third Plenary Session), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, p. 304;
DXPSTW
, p. 21.

45.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 65–72.

46.
DXPSTW
, p. 24.

47.
Ibid., pp. 23–28.

48.
Ibid., pp. 51–53.

49.
Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian; DXPSTW
, pp. 39–42.

50.
Wang Quanguo, “Shiyijie sanzhong quanhui yu Guangdong de gaige kaifang” (The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and Reform and Opening in Guangdong), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, pp. 198–203.

51.
This information is drawn from discussions with Ye Xuanji, who was working with his uncle Ye Jianying during this time. See also his article “Ye shuai zai dishiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou: Du Yu Guangyuan ‘1978: Wo qinli de naci lishi da zhuanzhe’ yougan” (Marshal Ye before and after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee: Feelings from Reading Yu Guangyuan's ‘1978: My Experience from that Historical Turning Point’),
Nanfang zhoumo
, October 30, 2008, D23, at
http://www.infzm.com/content/19143/0
, accessed March 17, 2010. Yu Guangyuan was one of Deng's speechwriters and took careful notes on the discussions, but he was not aware of the November 11 meeting.

52.
Qian Jiang, “Zhang Wentian yuan'an shi zenyang pingfan de” (How the Unjust Case of Zhang Wentian Was Reversed),
Zongheng
, no. 2 (2001): 4–6. As early as June 25, Deng Xiaoping had already read the report on the sixty-one cases. When Deng read the report, he said that these cases had to be resolved, but in fact they were not resolved until the Central Party Work Conference six months later. The question of whether these sixty-one had been too cooperative with the Guomindang in order to secure their release from prison in April 1936 had already been decided by party leaders and they had been declared innocent. But in March 1967 Lin Biao, Kang Sheng, and Jiang Qing again declared them renegades.

53.
DXPSTW
, pp. 63–65. See also the Chinese original: Yu Guangyuan,
1978: Wo qinli de naci lishi zhuanzhe
, pp. 77–79.

54.
DXPSTW
, p. 70.

55.
Ibid., pp. 71–72.

56.
Yu Guangyuan,
1978: Wo qinli de naci lishi zhuanzhe
, pp. 85–86.

57.
Ibid., pp. 90–91.

58.
YJYNP
, November 10–15, 1978, pp. 1155–1156; November 12–13, 1978, p. 1156.

59.
DXPSTW
, pp. 72–76.

60.
Ibid., pp. 46–51, 74–76, 78–79, 166.

61.
Yu Guangyuan,
1978: Wo qinli de naci lishi zhuanzhe
, p. 86.

62.
DXPSTW
, pp. 80–90, 108. See also the original: ibid., pp. 115–125.

63.
DXPSTW
, pp. 163–165.

64.
DXPNP-2
, December 28, 1978.

65.
DXPSTW
, pp. 39–46.

66.
Wu Xiang, “Wan Li tan shiyijie quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige” (Wan Li on Agricultural Reform before and after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, pp. 286–287.

67.
Liang Lingguang, “Yici hua shidai de zhongyang huiyi” (A Landmark Central Meeting), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, pp. 273–274.

68.
Ren Zhongyi, “Zhuixun 1978 nian de lishi zhuangui” (Pursuing the Historical Turning Point in 1978), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, p. 216.

69.
DXPSTW
, p. 127.

70.
Zhu Xueqin, “Sanshi nianlai de Zhongguo gaige, you liangge jieduan” (There are Two Stages to the Thirty Years of Chinese Reform),
Nanfang dushi bao
, December 16, 2007.

71.
YJYNP
, p. 1157, mid-November 1978.

72.
Ibid., November 27, 1978.

73.
Ibid., November 25, 1978;
DXPSTW
, pp. 76–78 contains the text of Deng's remarks.

74.
DXPSTW
, p. 78.

75.
This discussion of preparations for Deng's speech and the quotations from Deng's comments come from ibid., pp. 129–148. In this discussion I have also drawn on interviews with Yu Guangyuan. See Yu Guangyuan,
Wo yi Deng Xiaoping
(Recalling Deng Xiaoping) (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2005); also Han Gang, “Yifen Deng Xiaoping zhengui shougao de faxian” (The Discovery of a Precious Deng Xiaoping Manuscript),
Bainianchao
, no. 4 (1997): 4–6, reprinted in Yang Tianshi, ed.,
Deng Xiaoping xiezhen
(A Portrait of Deng Xiaoping) (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2005), pp. 186–189; Li Xiangqian and Han Gang, “Xin faxian Deng Xiaoping yu Hu Yaobang deng sanci tanhua jilu,” pp. 190–200.

76.
DXPSTW
, pp. 185–190.

77.
Ibid., pp. 129–143.

78.
“Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts and Unite as One in Looking to the Future,”
SWDXP-2
, pp. 150–163.

79.
DXPSTW
, pp. 132–139.

80.
Ibid., pp. 168–172; Liang Lingguang, “Yici hua shidai de zhongyang huiyi,” p. 175.

81.
Robert D. Novak,
The Prince of Darkness: 50 Years Reporting in Washington
(New York: Crown Forum, 2007), pp. 324, 326.

82.
Ren Zhongyi, “Zhuixun 1978 nian de lishi zhuangui,” pp. 215–216.

83.
DXPSTW
, pp. 205–207.

8. Setting the Limits of Freedom

1.
Roger Garside,
Coming Alive: China after Mao
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).

2.
Ibid.

3.
Ibid., pp. 237, 243–244.

4.
Ibid., p. 241.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Ibid., pp. 196–197; Robert D. Novak,
The Prince of Darkness: 50 Years Reporting in Washington
(New York: Crown Forum, 2007); Merle Goldman, “Hu Yaobang's Intellectual Network and the Theory Conference of 1979,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 126 (June 1991): 223.

7.
Goldman, “Hu Yaobang's Intellectual Network,” pp. 223–225, 237, 243–244.

8.
Ibid., pp. 220–221.

9.
Hu Jiwei, “Hu Yaobang yu Xidan minzhu qiang,” at
http://www.shufa.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=85030
, accessed August 6, 2010.

10.
Interview with Yu Guangyuan, January 2001.

11.
Reprinted in Garside,
Coming Alive
, p. 247.

12.
Ibid., p. 255.

13.
Ibid., pp. 431–434.

14.
Interview with Yu Guangyuan, January 2001.

15.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, pp. 231–233; see also pp. 263–284.

16.
Ibid., p. 257.

17.
Ibid., pp. 257–259.

18.
Observed by a Western scholar, n.d.

19.
Garside,
Coming Alive
, p. 259.

20.
Zhu Jiamu, “Hu Qiaomu zai shiyijie sanzhong quan huishang” (Hu Qiaomu at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian: Zhongyang gongzuo huiyi, shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qinli ji
(The 41 Days That Changed the Fate of China: A Record of My Experience at the Central Work Conference of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee) (Shenzhen: Haitian chubanshe, 1998), p. 308.

21.
Interview with Yu Guangyuan, January 2001.

22.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), p. 133.

23.
Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
(The Complete Story of
the Discussion on Practice Is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth) (Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 1997), pp. 321–325. For accounts of the Theory Work Conference, see Sheng Ping, ed.,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
(A Chronology of Hu Yaobang's Thought: 1975–1989), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Taide shidai chubanshe, 2007), 1:293–315; 1:341–347; Zheng Zhongbing, ed.,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
(Materials for a Chronological Record of Hu Yaobang's Life), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi, 2005), 1:355–367, 1:385–387;
Guoshi
, vol. 10, pp. 69–82; Merle Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 47–61; Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Yuxiang, and Li Zhenghua,
1976–1981 nian de Zhongguo
(China from 1976 to 1981) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998), pp. 273–356.

24.
Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
, p. 328.