Did Muhammad Exist?: An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins (41 page)

Byzantine Empire,
20
,
179
,
204
,
207
,
210
,
216

Byzantines,
xiii
,
20
,
27
–
28
,
207

Caesarea,
20

Caetani, Prince Leone,
11

Cain,
148

Catholic Church,
5

Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy,
67

chain of transmitters
(isnad)
,
xvii
,
81
–
82
,
82
–
84
,
90

child marriage,
112

Chosroes, Emperor,
207

Christianity,
35
; Arabian conquerors and,
25
–
28
; cross and,
47
; dhimmitude and,
158
–
59
; Dome of the Rock inscription and,
55
; Eucharist and,
37
–
38
; historical scrutiny and,
3
–
5
,
9
;
jizya
(poll tax) and,
27
–
28
; monotheism of,
182
,
207
; origins of,
216
; Qur'an and,
145
; salvation and,
152
; Trinitarian,
53
,
179
,
181
,
207
.
See also
Christian tradition

Christian theology,
56

Christian tradition,
22
; Islamic theology and,
14
; Islamic tradition and,
216
; Qur'an and,
3
,
13
–
14
,
149
,
166
–
67
,
170
–
75
,
175
–
81
,
183
–
85
,
195
.
See also
Christianity

Christmas,
183
–
85

Christology: Christian,
56
; of the ecumenical councils,
207
–
8
; Qur'an and,
179
–
80
,
181
; Trinitarian,
179

Church of Constantinople,
56
,
179
,
180

Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
27

Clement of Rome, St.,
179

coinage,
206
,
209
; Abd al-Malik and,
58
–
59
; absence of image of sovereign on,
xv
; of Arabian conquerors,
42
–
43
,
205
; cross and,
44
–
45
,
46
–
47
; Islam, introduction of and,
58
–
59
; Islamic confession of faith
(shahada)
on,
xv
; Muawiya and,
xiv
;
muhammad
and,
41
–
46
; Muhammad and,
xiv
; Yazid I and,
xiv

confession of faith
(shahada)
,
xv
,
19
,
51
,
52
,
58

Constantine, Emperor,
xiv
,
33
–
34
,
179
,
207

Constantinople,
xiv
,
104
,
204
,
207

Cook, Michael,
9
,
12

Council of Nicaea,
179

Crone, Patricia,
9
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
69
–
70
,
92
,
99
,
105

cross,
206
; coinage and inscriptions and,
xiv
,
44
–
45
,
46
–
47
; Islamic disdain for,
25
–
26
,
37
,
47
,
49
–
50
; Qur'an and,
25

Cyprus,
xiv
,
204

Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbeitet (The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined)
(Strauss),
4

David,
115
,
152

death penalty,
113

dhimmitude,
27
–
28
,
158
–
59

Dhul-Qarnayn,
157

diacritical marks,
xv
,
162
–
66
,
167
,
170
,
185

Divino Afflante Spiritu
(Pius XII),
5

divorce,
109
,
112

Doctrina Jacobi
,
20
–
23
,
31
,
209

Dome of the Rock inscription,
50
–
57
,
69
,
197
; Jesus and,
xv
,
209
–
10
; Muhammad and,
xv
,
52
–
53
;
Muslim
, use of term and,
36
; Qur'an and,
xv
,
50
–
57
,
200
–
201

Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism, The
(Jansen),
xi

Ebonites,
179

ecumenical councils,
207
–
8

Edict of Milan,
179

Egypt,
xiii
,
32
,
204

Eid ul-Adha,
30

Elias,
115

Elisha,
115

Encyclopedia Britannica
,
1

Ephraem the Syrian, St.,
169
–
70

Episcopalians,
5

Eucharist,
37
–
38
,
170
–
75

Europe,
xv

Eve,
148
,
168

Fatima (daughter of Muhammad),
xvi
,
xvii
,
116

Fihri, Maslama al-,
70

Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'an, The
(Jeffery),
153

Foss, Clive,
43

fundamentalism,
5

Gabriel (angel),
xiii
,
3
,
97
,
101
,
108
,
113
,
125
,
127
,
133
,
134
,
147
,
157
,
170
–
71
,
183
,
203

Gadara bathhouse inscription,
xiv
,
47
–
48
,
50
–
51

Gaza,
xiii

Gilchrist, John,
192

Gilliot, Claude,
146

God, of Abraham,
xiv
,
31
,
32
,
34
; Christ as Son of,
37
; Christ as Word of,
38
; Jesus as Son of,
47
,
55
,
181
; monotheism and,
ix
.
See also
Allah

Goldziher, Ignaz,
9
,
10
–
11
,
14
,
80
,
85

Gospels,
4

Gräf, Erwin,
166

Greater Syria,
ix

Greek,
20
,
21
,
24
,
36
,
46
,
91
,
104
,
145
,
155
,
206

Guillaume, Alfred,
165

Gulam, Ehteshaam,
90

Gülen, Fethullah,
126
,
127
,
193

Hadith,
xv
; Arabian conquest and,
12
; authority of,
63
; centrality of,
66
–
68
; chain of transmitters
(isnad)
and,
xvii
,
81
–
82
,
82
–
84
; collecting and codifying of,
78
–
79
; contradictions in,
77
–
78
; dating of,
66
; fabrication of,
xi
,
12
,
71
–
72
,
211
; factionalism and,
72
–
76
; historical reliability of,
10
–
12
,
63
,
82
–
84
,
85
–
86
; Islamic law and,
10
,
11
,
19
,
63
; Islamic practice and,
10
,
11
,
63
,
77
–
78
; Islamic theology and,
67
; Islamic tradition and,
19
,
64
,
79
,
83
; Muhammad, embarrassment of and,
107
; Muhammad, example of and,
68
–
72
; Muhammad, historicity of and,
xi
;
Muhammad, words and deeds of and,
xv
,
10
,
19
,
63
,
68
–
72
,
85
–
86
; occasions of revelation and,
64
–
66
; polygamy and,
113
–
14
; proliferation of forgeries of,
80
–
82
,
118
; Qur'an and,
19
,
63
–
66
,
69
,
80
–
81
,
128
,
131
–
36
,
138
,
147
,
187
,
199
.
See also
Islamic tradition; Qur'an

Hafsa (wife of Muhammad),
82
,
187
–
88
,
189

Hagar,
12
,
30

Hagarians,
12
,
30
–
31
,
33
,
36
,
59
,
195
,
205

Hagarism,
207

Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World
(Crone and Cook),
12

Hajjaj ibn Yusuf,
xv
,
58
,
59
,
60
,
69
,
83
,
197
–
200
,
206

Hamza,
164

hanifs
,
182
,
208

Hart, Michael H.,
1

Hasan (grandson),
xvi
,
xvii

Hasan, al-,
65
,
144

Hebrew,
155
–
56
,
161
,
162
,
172

Hell,
68
,
73
,
139
,
171
,
172
,
178
,
180
,
204

heresy,
35
,
37
,
56
,
68
,
89
,
126

Hijra,
48
–
49
,
73
,
92
,
93
,
204
,
222

Hinds, Martin,
69
–
70

Hisham bin Hakim,
132
–
33

historical scrutiny,
3
–
6

Hoyland, Robert G.,
23
,
58

Hudhaifa bin al-Yaman,
187

Husayn (grandson of Muhammad),
xvi
,
xvii
,
73