Did Muhammad Exist?: An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins (42 page)

hypocrisy,
64
,
122
,
145

Iberian Peninsula,
2

Ibn Abbas,
xvi
,
xvii
,
66
,
74
,
77
,
80
,
86
,
153

Ibn al-Arabi,
79

Ibn al-Athir,
129

Ibn an-Naqib,
154

Ibn Hajar,
60

Ibn Hanbal,
82
,
88

Ibn Hisham,
10
,
19
,
87
,
88

Ibn Ishaq,
165
; Battle of Muta and,
119
,
121
; criticism of,
88
–
90
; defense of,
88
–
90
; dependence on,
99
–
100
; historical embroidery and,
92
–
93
; historical reliability of,
ix
,
88
–
90
,
90
–
91
,
97
–
98
,
98
–
99
; Islamic law and,
88
; Jesus as the Muhammad and,
45
–
46
; Muhammad, biographical material about and,
ix
,
xv
,
19
,
46
,
87
–
106

ibn Jariyah at-Tamimi, Ziyad,
70

Ibn Kathir,
103
,
144
,
153
,
178

ibn Maja, Muhammad,
78
,
81
,
82

ibn Masud, Abdullah,
193
,
198

Ibn Muallim,
81

ibn Numayr, Abdallah,
88

Ibn Rawandi,
9
,
171

Ibn Sa‘d,
91
,
129

ibn Shuayb an-Nasai, Ahmad,
78

ibn Sirin, Muhammad,
83

ibn Sulayman, Muqatil,
115
,
146

ibn Umar, Abdullah,
74
–
76

Ibn Warraq,
9
,
14
–
15
,
151

ibn Az-Zubair, Abdullah,
xiv
,
58
–
59
,
188

Imam, Ahmad Ali al-,
14

Imran,
115

India,
2
,
6

infidels,
23
,
213

innovation
(bida)
,
67
–
68

Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt, The
(Jansen),
xi

Iran,
xiv

Iraq,
xiv
,
196

Isaac,
34
,
115
,
155
,
165

Isaiah,
21

Ishmael,
12
,
30
,
115
,
155
,
207

Ishmaelites,
31
,
36
,
59
,
195
,
205

Ishoyahb III,
31

Islam: absence of mention of,
30
,
31
,
33
,
34
,
41
,
42
,
63
,
205
; Arabian setting of,
13
,
100
–
106
; canonical account of,
ix
,
3
–
8
,
22
,
41
,
68
,
83
,
101
,
107
,
120
,
125
–
26
,
162
,
203
–
5
; chronology of,
xii
–
xiv
; cross and,
25
,
47
,
49
–
50
; evolution of,
128
; first mention of,
206
; historical scrutiny and,
3
–
6
,
8
–
15
; literature of,
2
,
6
,
13
; marriage and,
140
–
41
; monotheism of,
182
; Muhammad, centrality of and,
67
; Muhammad as founder of,
ix
,
2
,
6
; oral traditions of,
9
,
38
,
203
; origins of,
1
,
2
,
3
–
15
,
22
,
101
,
162
; paganism and,
ix
; as political religion,
208
–
9
,
212
–
14
; polygamy and,
29
; practice of,
10
,
11
,
63
,
68
,
70
,
77
–
78
; prayer and,
33
; Shiite,
xvii
,
65
,
73
,
116
,
211
; Sunni,
xvii
,
116
; tolerance and,
47
; violence and,
85
–
86
; warfare and,
77
.
See also
Hadith; Islamic law; Islamic theology; Islamic tradition; Qur'an

Islamic calendar,
48
–
49
,
204

Islamic law,
6
,
211
; adoption and,
110
; cross and,
47
; dhimmitude and,
158
–
59
; Hadith and,
10
,
11
,
19
,
63
; Ibn Ishaq and,
88
; inheritance and,
152
; Muhammad and,
67
,
68
,
71
,
88
; punishments in,
113
; Shafii school of,
193
; treaties between Muslims and non-Muslims and,
94
.
See also
Islam; Islamic theology; Islamic tradition

Islamic theology,
6
; Christian tradition and,
14
; Dome of the Rock inscription and,
50
–
57
; Hadith and,
67
; John of Damascus and,
xv
; Muhammad and,
18
,
67
; Qur'an, Arabic character of and,
145
.
See also
Islam; Islamic law; Islamic tradition

Islamic tradition: Arabia and,
ix
; Battle of Yamama and,
xiii
; Christian tradition and,
216
; Hadith and,
19
,
64
,
79
,
83
; Jews and,
96
; Muhammad and,
ix
,
xvi
,
10
,
21
,
22
,
67
,
117
; Qur'an and,
xiii
.
See also
Hadith; Islam; Islamic law; Islamic theology

isnad. See
chain of transmitters
(isnad)

Israel,
32
; Children of,
21
,
54
,
148
; tribes of,
34

Ivanhoe
(Scott),
8

Jacob,
34
,
115
,
155
,
168

Jacob of Edessa,
36

Jansen, Johannes J. G.,
xi
,
91
,
99

Jeffery, Arthur,
153
–
54
,
157
–
58
,
193

Jerusalem,
24
–
26

Jesus,
162
; Allah and,
38
; of Christianity,
21
; Christianity and,
25
; crucifixion of,
25
,
34
,
47
,
53
; death of,
4
,
47
; divinity of,
26
,
30
,
31
,
36
,
49
,
54
,
56
,
57
,
162
,
207
; Dome of the Rock inscription and,
xv
,
209
–
10
; existence of,
4
; Gospels and,
4
; historical scrutiny and,
4
–
5
; Jews and,
20
–
21
,
25
; keys of paradise and,
22
; as messenger of God,
xv
,
209
; as Messiah,
xv
,
167
,
179
; Muawiya's letter to Constantine and,
xiv
,
34
; as the
Muhammad,
41
–
62
; Muhammad, coming of and,
38
,
54
; nature of,
56
,
179
–
80
; in Qur'an,
36
,
38
–
39
,
45
,
167
; Qur'an and,
21
; Resurrection of,
5
; as Son of God,
37
,
47
,
55
,
179
–
81
; as “the praised one,”
45
,
46
; Virgin Birth of,
5
,
167
,
184
; as Word of God,
38
.
See also
Christology

jihad,
46
,
61
,
100
,
128
–
29
,
135
,
204

jizya
(poll tax),
27
–
28
,
158
–
59

Job,
115

John,
115

John I of Antioch,
30

John of Damascus,
xv
,
36
–
39
,
196

John of Nikiou,
xv
,
36
–
37

Jonah,
115

Jordan,
46
,
60

Joseph,
115
,
151

Journal of the American Oriental Society
,
54

Judaism,
22
,
31
,
35
,
216
; Christ, coming of and,
20
–
21
; development of,
128
; dhimmitude and,
158
–
59
; Dome of the Rock inscription and,
55
; historical scrutiny and,
3
–
5
,
9
; Islam, development of and,
12
–
13
; Islamic tradition and,
96
; of Medina,
64
; monotheism of,
182
,
207
; Muhammad, alliance with of,
33
; Muhammad bewitched and,
122
; Muhammad kinship with,
31
,
49
,
118
,
209
,
212
; Muslim antagonism toward,
33
–
34
; Palestine, Arabian conquest of and,
xiv
; Qur'an and,
122
,
145
; Reform,
5
; salvation and,
152

Ka‘ba,
34
,
37
,
101
,
106
,
204

Kalisch, Muhammad Sven,
14

Khadija (wife of Muhammad),
xvi
,
xvii
,
99
,
147

Khan, Muhammad Muhsin,
79

Khan, Muqtedar,
67

Kharrar, raid on,
92
,
94

Khudri, Abu Said al-,
65

Khuzaima,
137
,
188

Kinana bin ar-Rabi,
90

Kindi, al-,
182
,
200

King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an,
194

Koran.
See
Qur'an

Koren, Judith,
9

Lammens, Henri,
9
,
11

Last Supper,
170
–
75

Leo III the Isaurian,
199

Leo XIII, Pope,
5

Lewis, Bernard,
12

libertinism,
113