Did Muhammad Exist?: An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins (43 page)

Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of Hegina, A
(Muir),
10

Lisan al-Arab (The Language of the Arabs)
,
185

literalism,
5

Lot,
115

Lüling, Günter,
9
,
13
–
14
,
166
,
172
–
73
,
177
,
178
,
180
–
82

Luxenberg, Christoph,
9
,
14
,
54
,
55
,
155
,
165
–
70
,
173
–
75
,
183
,
184

Macbeth, King of Scotland,
7
,
214

Mahdi, al-,
71

Mahdi, Muhammad ibn Mansur al-,
78

Mahgrayé
,
36

Mahmet,
31
–
32
,
34

Makhul,
70

Malik ibn Anas,
xv
,
59
,
71
,
82
,
88
,
198
–
99

Mamun, al-,
164

Mansur, al-,
71

Margoliouth, David S.,
9
,
89
,
90

marriage,
109
–
17
,
140
–
41

martyrdom,
14
,
120
,
168
,
211

Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa,
78

Marwan ibn al-Hakam,
189

Mary (mother of Jesus),
xv
,
18
,
45
,
51
,
115
,
156
,
167

Matthew, Gospel of,
22
,
97

Maududi, Syed Abul Ala,
127

Mecca,
13
,
30
,
33
,
34
,
48
,
72
,
94
,
101
,
102
,
103
,
104
–
5

Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam
(Crone),
13

Medina,
48
,
64
,
65
,
71
,
73
,
76
,
93
,
95
,
99
,
101
,
102
,
106
,
120
,
147
,
204

Messenger of God,
17
–
18

Messiah,
xv
,
18
,
20
,
21
,
36
,
45
,
51
,
167
,
179

Methodists,
5

Mhmt
,
23

Middle East,
6
,
13
,
63
,
195

Mingana, Alphonse,
9
,
155
–
56

miracles,
4
,
94
–
95

Mohammed der prophet, sein Leben und sein Lehre (Muhammad the Prophet, His Life and His Teaching)
(Weil),
9

monotheism,
47
,
207
; Abrahamic,
209
; Arab,
ix
,
34
,
57
; Muawiya and,
33
–
34
,
49
,
57
; Muhammad and,
102
,
106
,
203

Monothelitism,
56

Moses,
17
,
31
,
34
,
49
,
54
,
61
,
115

Mother of the Book
(umm al-kitab)
,
126

Motzki, Harald,
83

Muawiya,
206
; Battle of Siffin and,
189
–
92
; caliphate of,
xiv
,
xvii
,
41
; coinage and inscriptions and,
xiv
,
41
–
42
,
46
,
47
–
48
,
49
,
50
; Constantine, letter to of,
xiv
,
33
–
34
,
207
; factionalism and Hadith and,
72
–
73
; monotheism and,
49
,
57
; Qur'an, standardization of and,
85
–
86

Mufid, Sheikh al-,
81

Mughira, al-,
73

Muhajirun,
33
,
36
,
59
,
92
,
195
,
205

Muhammad,
46
–
47
; absence of mention of,
17
–
39
,
41
,
42
,
49
,
63
,
205
; Arabian conquest and,
2
,
7
,
24
–
28
,
41
,
48
,
191
; as Arab prophet,
100
–
106
; archaeological evidence of,
ix
; authority of,
xv
,
35
,
210
; canonical account of,
ix
,
6
–
7
,
22
,
109
,
205
–
7
,
212
–
13
; coinage and inscriptions and,
xiv
,
xv
,
42
–
46
,
46
–
47
,
52
–
53
; death of,
xiii
,
2
,
21
,
22
,
205
;
Doctrina Jacobi
and,
22
–
23
; embarrassment of,
107
–
24
; example of,
6
,
67
–
72
; existence of,
ix
–
xi
,
1
–
3
,
6
–
8
,
214
–
17
; family of,
xvi
,
xvii
; first mention of,
206
; forgetfulness of,
131
–
34
,
212
; Hadith and,
xi
,
xv
,
10
,
11
,
19
,
68
–
72
; Hijra of,
48
–
49
,
73
,
92
,
93
,
147
,
204
,
222
; historical impact of,
1
–
2
,
7
; historical scrutiny and,
6
–
8
; historicity of,
ix
–
xi
,
1
–
3
,
9
–
10
,
109
–
14
; Ibn Ishaq's biography of,
ix
,
xv
,
19
,
46
,
87
–
106
; inventing,
63
–
86
; Islam, founding of and,
ix
,
2
,
6
; Islamic law and,
67
,
68
,
71
,
88
; Islamic practice and,
68
,
70
; Islamic theology and,
67
; Islamic tradition and,
ix
,
10
,
67
,
117
; legend and,
2
,
6
–
8
,
19
,
210
–
11
; magic and,
121
–
23
; as Messenger of God,
xv
,
18
–
19
,
21
,
52
–
53
,
56
,
58
,
98
,
114
,
213
; monotheism and,
102
,
106
,
203
; non-Arabic sources of information on,
146
–
47
; non-Muslim sources of information about,
31
–
34
,
41
; personality of,
6
,
90
–
91
,
123
–
24
; political theology of,
208
–
9
; polygamy of,
xvi
,
109
–
17
; revelations of Qur'an to,
xiii
,
3
,
18
,
125
,
127
,
128
–
30
,
131
–
34
,
157
; satanic verses and,
89
–
90
; as Seal of the Prophets,
18
,
114
–
17
,
212
; as teacher,
6
; Zaynab, marriage to and,
109
–
19

“Muhammad and the Origins of Islam” (Renan),
1

Muhammad at Mecca
(Watt),
2
,
99

Muhammad at Medina
(Watt),
2
,
99

Muir, William,
10
,
126
–
27

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri,
77

Muslims: absence of mention of,
30
,
31
,
33
,
205
; Arabian conquest and,
205
; in Europe,
xv
; first mention of,
xv
,
35
–
36
; historical scrutiny and,
3
; Jews and,
33
–
34
; Muhammad and,
ix
,
6
; paganism and,
29
; Quraysh and,
102
–
3
; Spain, conquest of by,
xv
; Treaty of Hudaibiya and,
75
; Wars of Apostasy (632–633) and,
28

Muwatta
,
71
,
82

Nativity,
183
–
85

Nestorian synod,
28
,
29

Nevo, Yehuda,
9

Newman, John Henry Cardinal,
145

New Testament,
4
,
9
,
37
,
45
,
54
,
145
,
166

Night of Power,
al-Qadr
,
183
–
84

Nixon, Richard,
ix
,
xi

Noah,
115
,
156

Nöldeke, Theodor,
9
,
150
–
51

non-Muslims: dhimmitude and,
27
–
28
; Muhammad, existence of and,
6
; as source of information about Muhammad,
31
–
34
,
41

North Africa,
xiv
,
6
,
63
,
195
,
196
,
204

obedience,
18
,
69
–
70
,
204

Old Testament,
37
,
166

100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, The
(Hart),
1

On the Heresies
(John of Damascus),
36

Ottoman Empire,
216

Pact of Umar,
27
–
28

paganism,
158
; animal sacrifice and,
29
,
30
; Arab,
ix
,
28
–
30
,
182
; Greco-Roman,
207
; Islam and,
ix
; Muslims and,
29

Palestine,
xiii
,
xiv
,
21
,
46
,
47
–
48

Paradise,
14
,
21
,
22
,
108
,
126
,
148
,
168
–
70
,
183

Paret, Rudi,
171

party of Ali,
73

People of the Book,
51
,
55
,
140
,
158
,
159
,
213
.
See also
Christianity; Judaism

Persia,
xiv
,
6