Einstein's Genius Club (31 page)

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Great Ideas of Modern Mathematics: Their Nature and Use.
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The Physicists: A Generation That Changed the World
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Return to Reason.
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———.
A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein
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1. Hao Wang,
Reflections on Kurt Gödel
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), 112.

1.
Bertrand Russell,
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
(London: Routledge, 1998), 466.

2.
Ronald Clark,
Einstein: The Life and Times
(New York: HarperCollins, 1984), 642.

3.
Autobiography,
155.

4.
See Satoshi Kanazawa, “Why Productivity Fades with Age: The Crime-Genius Connection,”
Journal of Research in Personality
(2003), 37: 257–72. See also Dean Keith Simonton,
Scientific Genius: A Psychology of Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

5.
Albrecht Fölsing,
Albert Einstein: A Biography,
trans. Ewald Osers (New York: Viking, 1997), 694.

6.
S. Chandrasekhar,
Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 48.

7.
In
The Structures of Scientific Revolutions
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), Kuhn argues against a conventional notion of progress in science as if each successive scientific theory were simply “a better representation of what nature is really like” (206). He takes a more relativistic stance, and his “paradigm shifts” are more complexly layered.
Thus, he “do[es] not doubt, for example, that Newton's mechanics improves on Aristotle's and that Einstein's improves upon Newton's as instruments for puzzle-solving. But I can see in their succession no coherent direction of ontological development. On the contrary, in some important aspects, but by no means in all, Einstein's general theory of relativity is closer to Aristotle's than either of them is to Newton's” (206–7). Yet each developed his theory within the historical context of a collectively “created” paradigm.

8.
Quoted in Banesh Hoffmann,
Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel
(New York: Penguin, 1972), 257.

9.
Bertrand Russell,
My Philosophical Development
(London and NY: Allen and Unwin, 1959), 57.

10.
Quoted in Charles P. Enz,
No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 355.

11.
Ibid., 392.

12.
Folsing, 679. Translation revised by Burton Feldman.

13.
Ibid., 648.

14.
Ibid., 688.

15.
Ibid., 690.

1.
Denis Brian,
Einstein: A Life
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 276.

2.
Albrecht Fölsing,
Albert Einstein,
trans. Ewald Osers (New York: Penguin, 1997), 651, 330.

3.
Albert Einstein and Michele Besso,
Correspondence, 1903–1955
(Paris: Hermann, 1972), 538. Translation by Burton Feldman.

4.
Niccolo Tucci, “The Great Foreigner,” in
The New Yorker,
November 22, 1947.

5.
Maja Einstein, “Albert Einstein: A Biographical Sketch (Excerpt),”
Resonance,
April 2000, 113.

6.
Ibid., 115.

7.
Fölsing, 23.

8.
Ibid., 17.

9.
Ibid., 56.

10.
Thomas Levenson,
Einstein in Berlin
(New York: Bantam, 2003), 12.

11.
Albert Einstein, The Human Side,
ed. Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoff-mann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 54.

12.
Fölsing, 33.

13.
Fölsing, 114–115.

14.
Gerald Holton,
Einstein, History, and Other Passions
(Woodbury, NY: AIP Press, 1995), 62.

15.
Fölsing, 334.

16.
Max Brod,
The Redemption of Tycho Brahe,
trans. Felix Warren Crosse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928), 89–90.

17.
Ibid., 154.

18.
Fölsing, 283.

19.
Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einstein's Letters to and from Children,
ed. Alice Calaprice (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), 140.

20.
Albert Einstein,
Ideas and Opinions,
trans. Sonja Bargmann (New York: Modern Library, 1994), 108.

21.
Fölsing, 349.

22.
Abraham Pais,
Subtle Is the Lord,
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 308.

23.
Albert Einstein,
Collected Papers: The Berlin Years, Correspondence,
vol. 8, part A, ed. R. Schulmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), xxxvii.

24.
Philipp Frank,
Einstein: His Life and Times
(New York: A.A. Knopf, 1947), 106.

25.
Fölsing, 343.

26.
Ibid., 344–45. Fulda was a Jew who committed suicide in 1939. He wrote several plays that were adapted to the screen, including
Two-Faced Woman,
a poorly received comedy that was to be Greta Garbo's last film.

27.
Fölsing, 345.

28.
Einstein on Peace,
ed. Otto Nathan and Heinz Norden (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), 12.

29.
The Collected Papers,
vol. 8, part A, 188.

30.
Pais, 313, notes that sometime during the war the Berlin military chief of staff sent a list of pacifists, including Einstein, to the police.

31.
Einstein,
Collected Papers,
vol. 8, 210.

32.
Ibid., 342.

33.
Otto Nathan and Heinz Norden,
Einstein on Peace
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), 8.

34.
For a frank discussion of Einstein's wartime activities, see Fölsing, 398ff.

35.
Ibid., 398–99.

36.
Pais,
Subtle,
307.

37.
Fölsing, 458.

38.
The Born-Einstein Letters,
trans. Irene Born (New York: Macmillan, 2005; first published 1971), 12.

39.
The Born-Einstein Letters,
4.

40.
“Our Debt to Zionism,” in
Out of My Later Years,
262.

41.
Fölsing, 494.

42.
Ibid., 495.

43.
Ibid., 497.

44.
Ibid., 515.

45.
Ibid., 519.

46.
Ibid., 464, 520.

47.
The world could seem very small in those days: Samuel was the Home Secretary—head of police and security—who had hounded Russell for his peace work and declared that “There is no question, of course, that he is an enemy agent” during World War I. See Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude, 1872–1921
(New York: Free Press, 1996), 474. Samuel had Russell fined and later imprisoned. Russell's older
brother Frank was then the second Earl Russell; Samuel had been Frank Russell's “fag”—student servant—when both attended Winchester.

48.
Fölsing, 594–95.

49.
Gerald Holton and Yehuda Elkana, eds.,
Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives, The Centennial Symposium in Jerusalem
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 294.

50.
Fölsing, 733.

51.
See David Cassidy,
Einstein and Our World
(New York: Humanity Books, 2004), 82–85, for insight into how quantum mechanics blossomed in the ruins of postwar Germany.

52.
Ronald William Clark,
Einstein: The Life and Times
(New York: Avon Books, 1984), 494–95.

53.
Fölsing, 661.

54.
Born-Einstein Letters,
112.

55.
Fölsing, 679; Pais, 452.

56.
See Sylvia Nasar,
A Beautiful Mind
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 49ff. for a richly detailed description of Princeton in the late 1940s. The Oral History Project of the Princeton Mathematics Community of the 1930s includes a brief history of Fine Hall (now called Jones Hall) at
http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/mathoral/pm06.htm
.

57.
Sandra Ionno Butcher, “The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto,”
Pugwash History Series
no. 1, May 2005, 14.

58.
Caroline Morehead,
Bertrand Russell: A Life
(New York: Viking, 1992), 204–6.

59.
Russell,
Autobiography,
445–47.

60.
Ibid., 442.

61.
Fölsing, 25; Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude 1872–1921
(New York: Free Press, 1996), 49.

62.
Fölsing, 99.

63.
Einstein,
Ideas and Opinions,
10.

64.
Thomas Levenson,
Einstein in Berlin
(New York: Random House, 2004), 9.

65.
Moorehead, 238.