Fear Itself (115 page)
Authors: Ira Katznelson
p. 3: Women supporting Franklin Roosevelt teaching other women how to vote, 1935 (Kheel Center for Labor Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University)
p. 26: Swastika-adorned Hindenburg flying over New York City, May 6, 1937 (Bettman/Corbis)
p. 29: Breadline established by “White Angel” philanthropist in San Francisco, 1933 (National Archives)
p. 58: General Italo Balbo’s “Cruise of the Decade” arriving in New York, July 19, 1933 (Bettman/Corbis)
p. 96: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first inaugural address, March 4, 1933 (Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
p. 130: Women demonstrating for segregation, Poolesville, Maryland, 1956 (Reprinted with permission of the D.C. Public Library, Star Collection © Washington Post)
p. 133: African-American Movie Theater, Leland, Mississippi Delta, 1939 (Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ds-01351)
p. 156: Antilynching banner hanging from the office of the NAACP, New York City, 1938 (NAACP collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress 046.00.00, Courtesy of the NAACP Digital ID # ppmsca-09705)
p. 195: U.S. Army soldier casting his vote, 1944 (University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, SOC3523)
p. 224: Crowd awaiting the arrival of Adolf Hitler at the Berlin
parade to celebrate the Austrian Anschluss, March 16, 1938 (AKG Images)
p. 227: “Interior of Scroll Case at Norris Dam,” Tennessee Valley Authority tunnel, 1936 (FDR Library)
p. 276: Isolationist sentiment at antiwar protest, 1941
p. 317: Evacuees of Japanese ancestry waiting to board buses to the War Relocation Authority Center in Manzanar, California, April 1, 1942 (National Archives)
p. 364: Women supporting the Democratic Party ticket of Adlai Stevenson and John Sparkman, 1952 (International Ladies Garment Workers Union Photographs, Kheel Center for Labor Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University)
p. 367: CIO rally to defeat the Taft-Hartley Act, Madison Square Garden, New York City, May 4, 1947 (Kheel Center for Labor Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University)
p. 403: “Fat Man,” the atomic bomb detonated over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Courtesy of the Harry S. Truman Library)
p. 442: President Harry Truman with the National Security Council, August 19, 1948 (Harry S. Truman Library)
p. 467: President Harry Truman looks on as Dwight Eisenhower delivers his first inaugural address, January 20, 1953 (AP/Wide World Photos)
Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.
Page numbers beginning with 487 refer to notes.
ABC, 327
absolutism, 32, 104
Academy of Military Jurisprudence, Moscow, 59
Acheson, Dean, 453–54, 638
Acton, Lord, 523
Adams, James Truslow, 118
Adamson, Ernest, 433
Adorno, Theodor, 50
Advertising War Council Conference, 407
African Americans, 22, 353, 462
cheap labor and, 163
in Congress, 159
doubts about loyalty of, 340–42
as ignored by Justice Department, 159–60
in military, 24, 218, 313
NRA and, 241
TVA and, 254–55
unions and, 174–75, 392–93, 395–96, 550, 553
voting rights of, 88, 89, 90, 134, 140, 145, 148–49, 185, 212, 285, 554
World War II’s economic effect on, 182–83
see also
segregation
Agee, James, 410–11
Age of Roosevelt, The
(Schlesinger), 10, 37–38
agrarian poverty, 127
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 30, 123, 178, 251
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 85, 232, 268, 576
Aid to Dependent Children, 260
aircraft, 396
Air Force, Italian, 52, 58
Air Force, U.S., 450
Alabama, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 165, 166, 199, 253, 304, 394, 426,
578
A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States,
243, 248
Alien Act, 122, 325
Alien Registration Act (1940), 332–34, 353, 433
Allen, Asa, 301
Allied Control Council, 71
Allison, John, 451
Alpine Corps, 63
Alps, 101
Alsop, Joseph, 415, 635
Alsop, Stewart, 415
Alter, Jonathan, 243
Aluminum Company of America, 273, 397–98
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 174, 571
America First Committee (AFC), 70, 281–82, 587
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 430, 461
American Association of Scientific Workers (AASW), 455, 461
American Bankers Association, 139
American Civil Liberties Union, 55, 78
American Creed, 207
American Dilemma, An
(Myrdal), 138, 139, 218
American Expeditionary Force, 197
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 174–75, 183, 230, 258, 344, 386, 391–92, 393, 398, 440, 550, 627
American Independent Party, 446
American Institute of Public Opinion, 204
American Labor Party, 604–5
American Legion, 12
American Magazine,
134
American-Palestine Fox Film Co., 61
American Physical Society, 463
Americans for Democratic Action, 424, 459
American System, 262
American Textile Machinery Association, 229–30
American Vindicators, 285
Anderson, John, 340
Anderson, Marian, 90
Andrews, Walter, 449
Angleton, James, 440
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
56
Anschluss, 300
antilynching bills, 90, 149, 160, 166–68, 176, 179–82, 205, 268, 269, 541
anti-Semitism, 39, 87, 189–90
ANZUS Treaty, 48
appropriations bill, 381–82
Ardennes, 101
Arendt, Hannah, 39, 50, 521
Arizona, 145, 212, 339
Arizona,
USS, 316
Arkansas, 136, 199, 204, 385, 394
Armenians, 42, 102
Armoian, Tomasina Grella, 512
arms embargo, 302–4, 305, 309–10
arms race, 12–14
Army, U.S.:
Military Intelligence Division of, 326
segregation in, 185
Army and Navy Munitions Board, 323, 438
Army Corps of Engineers, 345
Army Service Forces, 344
Arnall, Ellis, 379
Arnold, Henry Harley “Hap,” 410, 414
Associated Press, 273, 398
associationalism, 234
Atlanta World,
213
Atlantic Charter, 207, 321, 354, 357, 361
atomic bombs, 14, 24, 34, 42, 92, 348, 349–50, 362, 403–5, 409–10, 416, 417, 419–20, 421, 428, 435, 441, 447, 450, 470, 472, 633
of Soviet Union, 349, 416, 441, 450, 451, 452
atomic energy, 635
regulation of, 419–20, 423,
637–38
Atomic Energy Act (1946), 421, 422, 428, 430–31, 432, 433, 434, 446–47, 451, 463, 468
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 416, 422, 428–29, 430, 431–33, 434–35, 451, 453, 454, 456, 468
Atomic Scientists of Chicago, 461
Attlee, Clement, 359, 637
Auschwitz, 214
Australia, 41, 42, 418
Austria, 60, 100, 101, 105, 277, 300
Austria-Hungary, 289
Autobiography
(Mussolini), 56, 62
automobiles, 37, 177
Avanti!,
63
aviation, 69
Fascism and, 61–62
Babi Yar, 41
Bachmann, Carl, 328
“Back to Africa” campaign, 89
Bacon, Francis, 29
Baer, John, 487
Bailey, Josiah, 161, 179, 266, 573
Bailyn, Bernard, 11
Baker, Newton, 197, 290
Baker, Ray Stannard, 134
Balbo, Italo, 52, 59–71, 92, 95, 506–9, 510, 512
death of, 70–71
flight of, 59–60, 61–62, 64–66, 116, 227, 228, 352
Italian ceremony for, 67–68
militarism of, 62–63
in
Time,
58, 59–60, 61, 63
Baldwin, Hanson, 416
Baldwin, Roger N., 55–56, 505
Baltimore Sun,
379
bananas, 288
Bankhead, John, 189, 266, 591
bank holiday, 123
Banking Act,
see
Glass Steagall Act
Banking and Currency Committee, 149, 150
banking reform, 84
Bank of America, 139
Barbarossa, Operation, 79, 283
Barden, Graham, 272, 395
Barkley, Alben, 86, 211, 256, 271, 434, 466, 538
Barnard, Chester I., 638
Barron’s,
12
Baruch, Bernard, 278, 343–44, 368, 407, 419, 420, 510, 632
Barzun, Jacques, 369–70
Bataan Peninsula, 213
Beard, Charles, 3, 304, 487
Beaumont, Gustave, 136
Belarus, 41
Belgium, 70, 279, 418, 592
Bensel, Richard, 134
Berle, Adolph, 236
Berlin, 350, 353
Berlin, Isaiah, 6, 200, 218–19, 406
Berlin airlift, 448
Berlin Olympic Games, 69
Berlusconi, Silvio, 512
Berman-Yurin, Konon Borisovich, 81
Bethe, Hans, 414
Beveridge, William, 488
Biddle, Francis, 71
Bikini Atoll, 362
Bilbo, Theodore, 83–92, 95, 128, 519, 520, 591
death of, 59
racism of, 83–84, 86–92, 141, 180
segregation defended by, 190, 193
Senate committee’s hearings on, 91–92
soldier voting bill opposed by, 211
“Bilbo Is Dead” (song), 90
Bill of Rights, 250, 452, 606
Bill of Rights Day, 353–54
“Bill to Expedite the Strengthening of the National Defense, A,” 308–9
Birmingham, Ala., 183, 187, 388
Birmingham, England, 41
Birmingham Age-Herald,
287
Birth of a Nation, The
(film), 145
Bismarck, Otto von, 40
Bittner, Van Amberg, 391–92
Bituminous Coal Conservation, 178
Black, Hugo, 86, 167, 240, 268, 547, 573–74, 608
Black Horn, Chief, 66
black people, German racism against, 282–86
Blackshirts, 63, 67, 123
Bloch, Marc, 490
Blue Eagle, 228, 229, 243
Blum, John Morton, 43
Board of Economic Warfare, 338
Bogart, Humphrey, 330
Bohr, Neils, 414
Bolsheviks, 123, 162, 474
Bonner, Herbert, 222
Borah, William, 241
Borden, William, 483
Borges, Jorge Luis, 488
Boulder Dam, 147
Bradley, Michael, 198
Brains Trust, 236
Brand, Donald, 246
Braunschweig, Germany, 111
Brecht, Bertolt, 62
Breedlove v. Suttles,
559
Brewster, Kingman, 587
Bricker, John, 217
bridges, 230
Bridges, Styles, 91, 644
Brinkley, Alan, 246, 247, 248, 487,
545
Britain, Battle of, 41, 70
British Expeditionary Force, 101
Brittan, Vera, 501
Brodie, Bernard, 416, 446, 447, 636
Brogan, Denis, 13–14, 23–24, 299, 301
Brookings Institution, 381, 408–9
Brooks, Charles Wayland, 210–12
Brooks, Overton, 427, 445
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 89, 186
Browder, Earl, 331, 604
Brown, Edgar, 200
Brown, Paul, 180
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 569
Brownlow, Louis, 53–54, 93
Brown v. Board of Education,
137, 400, 563
Bryce, James, 104, 114, 119
Budget and Accounting Act (1921), 622
Buford,
SS, 326
Bukharin, Nikolai, 82
Bulgaria, 105, 277
Bull Run, Battle of, 156
Bunche, Ralph, 138, 176, 538
Bund, 56–57, 327, 329, 330, 604
Bundy, McGeorge, 360
Burdick, Usher, 311–12
Bureau of the Budget (BOB), 139, 372, 375–78, 380, 381, 383, 399, 408, 430
Burke, Edmund, 29
Burma, 41
Burma Road, 314
Bush, Vannevar, 346–48, 403, 404, 408, 444, 455, 638, 642
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 68, 115
Byelorussia, 82
Byrd, Harry F., 161, 189, 193, 239–40, 378, 426, 431, 475, 573, 591
Byrnes, James “Jimmy,” 159, 167, 177, 180, 256, 343, 361–62, 407, 411, 413, 439, 587, 609, 638, 647
Cagney, James, 330
Cairo, 195, 197
Calhoun, John C., 193, 590
California, 143, 339
Cambridge Modern History, The,
100, 103–4
Camp Bliss, 218
Camp Breckenridge, 218
Camp Phillips, 218
Camp San Luis Obispo, 218
Camp Shenango, 218
Camp Stewart, 218
Camp Van Dorn, 218
Camus, Albert, 31
Canada, 418
Cannon, Clarence, 379
capitalism, 20, 25, 30, 36, 37, 41, 114, 254, 471
Italy’s claim to have saved, 93
New Deal’s rescuing of, 92, 231, 272, 471
Carey, James, 386
Carlock, Levon, 97
Carnegie-Illinois, 398
carpetbaggers, 190
carpet bombing, 42
Carr, E. H., 6
Carter, Jimmy, 532
Case, Clifford, 390
Case Bill, 389, 390–91
Catholics, 22, 23, 87
prejudice against, 189–90
Catledge, Turner, 265
Cayton, Horace R., Jr., 15, 210
Cecil, Robert, 102
Celan, Paul, 42
Celler, Emanuel, 333
Census Bureau, 556
Central Committee, Soviet, 80
Central Committee Plenum, Soviet, 78
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 409, 439, 440–41, 444–45, 465
Central Intelligence Group (CIG), 440
Century of Progress Exposition, 93
Chamberlain, Lawrence H., 490
Chamberlain, Neville, 302, 305
Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 229, 235
Chapman, Virgil, 257, 427
Charleston News and Courier,
285
Charlie and His Orchestra, 587–88
Chase, Stuart, 118, 487
Cheater, George, 97
Chevrolet, 173, 174, 273, 398
Chiang Kai-shek, 195
Chicago Daily Tribune,
302, 424
Chicago Defender,
96
Chicago Federation of Labor, 85
Chicago Tribune,
69, 199, 201, 221, 270
Chicago World’s Fair, 58
Child, Richard, 56
child labor, 146, 243, 270
children, 258
China:
civil war in, 417
communist victory in, 46–47
Japanese invasion of, 39, 41, 102, 295–96, 310, 314
in Korean War, 47
republic founded in, 104
U.S. arms given to, 309
China, People’s Republic of, 418, 451, 470
Christian Democrats, Italian, 440
Christian Nationalist Crusade, 285
Churchill, Winston, 75, 195, 350, 362, 521, 634
Atlantic Charter issued by, 321
Iron Curtain speech of, 362, 414
Moscow Declaration signed by, 75
at Potsdam conference, 403
at Yalta summit, 357, 358–59
cities, 23
citrus packing, 242
city bosses, 22
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 24, 160, 176, 200, 217, 253
Civil Rights Act, 555
Civil Service Commission, 459
Civil War, U.S., 22, 156, 158, 159, 197, 310, 318
Claiborne, James, 256
Clark, Bennett Champ, 145, 538, 573, 597
Clark, Joel Bennett, 239, 241, 368
Clark, John, 381
Clark, Thomas, 646–47
Clawson, Marion, 379
Cleveland, Grover, 156–57
clothing, 184
coal, 242, 326
cocoa, 288
coffee, 288
Cohen, Morris Raphael, 46
Cold War, 32, 34, 42, 92, 95, 407–21, 425, 436, 472