Food and the City: Urban Agriculture and the New Food Revolution (37 page)

23.
Food, Inc.
, press kit, p. 8.

24.
Millstone and Lang,
The Atlas of Food
, p. 113.

25.
Food, Inc.
, press kit, p. 9.

26.
“Obesity and Overweight,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/overwt.htm
(accessed May 24, 2011).

27.
“Food CPI and Expenditures: Table 7,” United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service,
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/CPIFoodAndExpenditures/Data/Expenditures_tables/table7.htm
(accessed May 24, 2011).

28.
Raj Patel,
The Value of Nothing: How to Reshape Market Society and Redefine Democracy
(New York: Picador, 2010).

29.
Bryan Walsh, “Getting Real about the High Price of Cheap Food,”
Time
, August 21, 2009,
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1917458,00.html
.

30.
This figure is from Raj Patel, interview available at
http://www.youtube.com
and by searching online for key words “Raj Patel” and “The Real Cost of a Hamburger.”

31.
“Obesity in Canada: Snapshot,” Public Health Agency of Canada,
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2009/oc/index-eng.php
(accessed May 24, 2011).

C
HAPTER
4. A W
ORLD IN
F
OOD
C
RISIS

1.
Jeff Rubin,
Why Your World Is about to Get a Whole Lot Smaller
(Toronto, ON: Vintage Canada Editions, 2010), pp. 25-26.

2.
“Number of World's Hungry to Top 1 Billion this Year—UN Food Agency,” UN News Centre, June 19, 2009,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31197
(accessed April 24, 2011).

3.
Eric Holt-Giménez, “Policy Brief No. 16: The World Food Crisis—What's behind It and What We Can Do about It,” Food First Institute for Food and Development Policy, October 2008, p. 1.

4.
Ibid., pp. 2-3.

5.
Ibid., p. 2.

6.
Mark Nord et al., “Household Food Security in the United States, 2009,”
USDA Economic Research Service Report Summary
, November 2010, p. 1, is the source for the 15 percent of food-insecure citizens in the United States, rounded up by the author from 14.7 percent (2009) and 14.6 percent (2008). The other statistics are from “Food Security in the United States: Key Statistics and Graphics,” also by the USDA ERS,
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/stats_graphs.htm
(accessed February 7, 2011).

7.
“World Food Prices at Fresh High, Says UN,” BBC News, January 5, 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12119539
(accessed February 4, 2011).

8.
Ibid.

9.
James Melik, “Australia's Floods Disrupt Commodity Supplies,” BBC News, January 4, 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12111175
(accessed February 4, 2011).

10.
In 2007, on p. 2 of its “Fourth Assessment Report,” the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that “[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal.” Furthermore, the report concluded that human activity is responsible for a large percentage of the global warming the Earth has experienced since 1950.”

11.
Gwynne Dyer, “The Future of Food Riots,” January 9, 2011,
http://gwynnedyer.com/2011/the-future-of-food-riots/
(accessed February 4, 2011).

12.
Ibid.

13.
Holt-Giménez, “Policy Brief No. 16: The World Food Crisis,” p. 6.

14.
For a thorough read on disaster capitalism, read Naomi Klein's
The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
(New York: Picador, 2008).

15.
After ninety-nine years of intensive monocropping of corn and palm, Madagascar would be left with utterly unfarmable land.

16.
John Vidal, “How Food and Water Are Driving a 21st-Century African Landgrab,”
Observer
, Guardian News, March 7, 2010,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/mar/07/food-water-africa-land-grab
(accessed August 28, 2010).

17.
Figures and research for this and the two following paragraphs on the African landgrab draw from ibid., and from Nancy Macdonald's “What's the New Global Source for Fresh, Shiny Produce?”
Maclean's
, August 19, 2010,
http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/08/19/out-of-africa/2/
.

18.
Marie-Béatrice Baudet and Laetitia Clavreul, “The Growing Lust for Agricultural Lands,” English transl. Leslie Thatcher,
Le Monde
, April 14, 2009.

19.
“Our Vision and Mission,” Walton International,
http://www.waltoninternational.com/wigi/company-overview
(accessed April 26, 2011).

20.
Food, Inc.
, produced and directed by Robert Kenner (New York: Magnolia Pictures, 2009), press kit, p. 8. The press kit is available for download at
http://www.foodincmovie.com/about-the-film.php
.

21.
Evan D. G. Fraser and Andrew Rimas,
Empires of Food: Feast, Famine, and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations
(Toronto, ON: Free Press, 2010), p. 245.

22.
Vaclav Smil,
Energy Myths and Realities: Bringing Science to the Energy Policy Debate
(Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2010).

23.
Erik Millstone and Tim Lang,
The Atlas of Food: Who Eats What, Where, and Why
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 24.

24.
Ibid.

25.
Vidal, “How Food and Water Are Driving a 21st-Century African Landgrab.”

26.
Baudet and Clavreul, “The Growing Lust for Agricultural Lands.”

27.
Michael Pollan, “Farmer in Chief,”
New York Times Magazine
, October 12, 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/magazine/12policy-t.html
(accessed April 13, 2009).

28.
Michael Barclay, “Indian Food Prices Hit a Major Spike,”
Maclean's
, January 18, 2010, p. 27.

29.
Tom Gjelten, “The Impact of Rising Food Prices on Arab Unrest,” NPR Morning Edition, February 18, 2011,
http://www.npr.org/2011/02/18/133852810/the-impact-of-rising-food-prices-on-arab-unrest
(accessed August 22, 2011).

C
HAPTER
5. T
HE
NEW F
OOD
M
OVEMENT
A
ND
T
HE
R
ISE OF
U
RBAN
A
GRICULTURE

1.
Tim Lang, personal e-mail exchange with the author, October 21, 2010. This exchange included a copy of the article he wrote about this 1992 television segment and its effect, “Locale/Global (Food Miles),”
Slow Food
, no. 19 (May 2006): 94-97.

2.
From what I could research, the first municipal food-policy council was established in 1982, in Knoxville, Tennessee. This was certainly the first city food council in North America.

3.
Lang, “Locale/Global (Food Miles),” pp. 94-97.

4.
Ibid.

5.
The earliest mention of food miles in a newspaper—that is,
mainstream
newspaper—I could find was in an article in the
Independent
, a UK publication, written by Johanna Blythman on October 23, 1993, in the paper's Saturday food section. The article, “Eat Local and Sever the Food Chains,” begins with a brief definition of food miles as “the distance food has travelled from its point of origin to you.” Blythman also reports that food in the average European shopping cart has traveled over 2,200 miles. The article can be found online at
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/food—drink-eat-local-and-sever-the-food-chains-organic-farmers-are-cutting-out-the-middlemen-and-bypassing-the-supermarkets-by-delivering-their-produce-direct-to-the-local-consumer-as-joanna-blythman-explains-1512614.html
(accessed May 1, 2011).

6.
An updated “Food Miles Report” is scheduled to be released by the group Sustain in 2011.

7.
Carl Honoré,
In Praise of Slow: How a Worldwide Movement Is Challenging the Cult of Speed
(Toronto, ON: Vintage Canada, 2004), p. 59.

8.
Steve Martinez et al., “Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues,”
ERS Report Summary
, US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, May 2010, p. 1.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid.

11.
“Our Philosophy,” Slow Food,
http://www.slowfood.com/international/2/our-philosophy
(accessed May 1, 2011).

12.
“Manifesto for Quality,” Slow Food,
http://www.slowfood.com/international/2/our-philosophy
(accessed May 1, 2011).

13.
http://www.slowfood.com

14.
“Oxford Word of the Year: Locavore,”
Oxford University Press OUPblog
, November 12, 2007,
http://blog.oup.com/2007/11/locavore/
(accessed December 23,2007). While the blog post skirted a definition, it explained that “the ‘locavore’ movement encourages consumers to buy from farmers’ markets or even to grow or pick their own food, arguing that fresh, local products are more nutritious and taste better. Locavores also shun supermarket offerings as an environmentally friendly measure, since shipping food over long distances often requires more fuel for transportation.”

15.
“Linking Population, Poverty, and Development,” United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA.org,
http://www.unfpa.org/pds/urbanization.htm
(accessed August 22, 2011).

16.
The big shift toward urbanization will take place in Asia and Africa, which is also where the population growth was and is taking place.

17.
Carolyn Steel,
Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives
(London: Vintage Books, 2009).

18.
Slow Food has become an immensely influential movement. It currently has 100,000 members in 153 countries, as of May 2011. Slow Food has recently begun advocating for urban agriculture as a food security and food sovereignty measure, especially in Africa. In late 2010, Slow Food announced a major new initiative called “A Thousand Gardens in Africa.” The idea is to help Africa rebuild lost community food security, help protect biodiversity of traditional food crops, and raise the profile of farming and food production in the eyes of Africa's youth. Slow Food Italy will help to fund the development of five hundred community gardens, and other Slow Food member states from around the world are partnering with projects in Africa to meet this goal.

19.
Erik Millstone and Tim Lang,
The Atlas of Food: Who Eats What, Where, and Why
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 54.

20.
Martinez et al., “Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues,” p. 1.

21.
Vandana Shiva,
Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis
(Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2008), p. 38.

C
HAPTER
6. P
ARIS
: T
HE
R
OOTS OF
M
ODERN
U
RBAN
A
GRICULTURE

1.
Gerald Stanhill, “An Urban Agro-Ecosystem: The Example of Nineteenth-Century Paris,”
Agro-Ecosystems
3 (1977): 269.

2.
Ibid., p. 277.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Mary Blume, “In Praise of All Local Produce Great and Small,”
New York Times
, July 21, 2001,
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/21/style/21iht-blume_ed3_.html
(accessed September 23, 2010).

5.
Pascale Brevet, “Farms Flee the Cities,” November 18, 2010,
Atlantic
,
http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2010/11/farms-flee-the-cities-can-paris-and-milan-feed-themselves/66726/
(accessed December 15, 2010).

6.
The web page for the City of Paris's community gardening sites and information is
http://www.paris.fr/loisirs/jardinage-vegetation/jardins-partages/p9111
.

7.
Jean Griffault, personal interview with the author, Paris, France, October 2, 2010. Translation from the French into English is the author's.

8.
Antoine Jacobsohn (King's Vegetable Garden), personal interview with the author, Versailles, France, October 3, 2010. (Interview was conducted in English.)

9.
Mairie de Paris website,
http://www.paris.fr/loisirs/jardinage-vegetation/vegetation/les-vignes-de-paris/rub_8348_stand_35598_port_19375
(accessed November 10,2010).

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Ibid.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Alison Benjamin, “Fears for Crops as Shock Figures from America Show Scale of Bee Catastrophe,”
Observer
, May 2, 2010,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/02/food-fear-mystery-beehives-collapse
(accessed August 25, 2011).

15.
Zach Howard, “Researchers Seek Causes of Honeybee Colony Collapse,” Reuters, March 5, 2011,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/05/us-honeybee-deaths-idUSTRE7242C220110305
(accessed August 25, 2011).

16.
“Questions and Answers: Colony Collapse Disorder,” United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, last modified December 17, 2010,
http://www.ars.usda.gov/News/docs.htm?docid=15572
(accessed August 25, 2011).

17.
Hugh Schofield, “Paris Fast Becoming Queen Bee of the Urban Apiary World,” BBC News, August 14, 2010,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10942618
(accessed February 11, 2011).

18.
http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/ADP/fr-FR/Passagers/Actualites/Groupe-Aeroports-de-paris/Charte-abeille.htm
(accessed August 23, 2011).

19.
Tim Hayward, “My Bee Eats Because I'm a Londoner,” video report for the
Guardian
, October 9, 2009,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/oct/09/food-and-drink?intcmp=239
(accessed February 11, 2011).