For Us Surrender Is Out of the Question (44 page)

EU discussing ASEAN free-trade agreement/UK doesn’t want it to benefit Burma:
Hansard
2.

England has oil and gas dealings in Burma, too: Burma Campaign UK 2.

165 percent increase in China’s mining/oil and gas/hydro investment: EarthRights International 2, p. 1.

Burma-China trade up to $2.6 billion: UN Comtrade Database.

Burma’s estimated $2.5 billion trade surplus/$5 billion in currency reserves:
Turnell
.

Burma says greedy-ass Americans would buy elephants on credit if they could:
The Irrawaddy
6.

Reagan administration spent millions for Agent Orange chemical and spraying planes: US Department of State 3.

Shans complained about deadly poison, not wild about farming for food post-spraying: Mirante, pp. 222 and 225, respectively.

Chemical was under EPA review at the time: Environmental Protection Agency.

Wrobleski went on to work for JWI as lobbyist, then prez:
OpenSecrets.org
2.

Burma wins world’s-top-opium-producer title/usurped by Afghanistan in 1999, 2003: UNODC 3, p. 34.

Tens of thousands of Burmese textile workers out of jobs/State Department says they’re taking up sex work instead: Daley.

Burmese timber coming into US via China: Global Witness.

Burmese gems coming into US via Thailand/$8 billion in jewelry exports from there: US Government Accountability Office/p. 11.

More foreign companies invested in Burma’s energy sector in 2008 than ever: Boot 3; Burma Campaign UK 2.

Foreign investment doubled in first nine months of 2008/2007 Foreign investment in oil and gas more than triple that of 2006: Burma Ministry of National Planning and Development surveys cited in Associated Press 3 and 1, respectively.

Chevron said that if it leaves, someone worse will just take its place: (Then-Vice Chairman Peter Robertson: “I know for a fact that they are better off by us being there than by anybody else being there.”) Boot 1.

Dam projects causing all sorts of personal and planetary destruction: Burma Rivers Network 2.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development complaint against Daewoo: EarthRights International 3.

The Burmese People v. Unocal: EarthRights International 1;
Redford
.

Norway banned investment in a Chinese firm for providing for Burma’s military: Ministry of Finance (Norway).

Germany, Singapore, and Pakistan sold the junta military equipment:
Lintner
. Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia did, too: Amnesty 1, pp. 62-70.

Cargo ships of weapons unloaded in the middle of the night: Min Lwin 12.

North Korean weapons:
Lintner
.

Burmese foreign minister and North Korea agree to be friends after a 25-year fight: Associated Press 2; Mungpi 2.

China gets to buy all Daewoo’s Shwe gas: Daewoo International; Shwe Gas Movement, p. 1.

Chinese weapons: See chapter 11 sourcing, under “Burma vs. the world.”

BP bought Burmah Castrol for $5 billion in 2000: BP.

Herbert Hoover found fortune in Burma: Nash, pp. 433-439; Liggett, pp. 193-197.

“little inclined to yield to threats”: Scott 1, p. 17.

19th-century British envoys to Burma, and their failures: Hall, pp. 97-100; Symes.

Ill-fated Thais, Chinese, Mon: Thant Myint-U, p. 106.

Ill-fated Manchu of 1767: Thant Myint-U, pp. 101-104.

Ill-fated Portuguese of 1613: Hall, p. 50; Thant Myint-U, pp. 78-79.

Throwdown with Kublai Khan: Thant Myint-U, pp. 60-61.

His Excellency King Bagyidaw’s most excellent title: Scott 1, p. 87.

King Thibaw declares war, impending elephanterie on England: Scott 1, p. 41.

Burma army soldiers underpaid: Desertions and assassinations, too, are becoming a problem. Min Lwin 3.

UN admits failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia and Herzegovina: United Nations 6; United Nations 5.

2005 World Summit resolution of responsibility to protect: United Nations 11.

Case for genocide built before the 2007 draft resolution on Burma: Horton. For a summary of Horton’s paper, which runs more than 600 pages, see Nicholas Thompson.

Systematic rape now recognized as key feature of genocide: Aegis Trust and United Nations Department of Public Information.

“Your blood must be left in the village”: Apple, p. 24.

Soldiers force minority women into marriage as enslavement: United Nations 7.

ANU’s Strategic and Defence Studies Centre aware of special Karen-killing terror squad of the Tatmadaw:
Ball
.

Terror squad’s tactics: Rogers, p. 158.

Academics, journalists, activists say Karen not subject of genocide: Nicholas Thompson.

More than 3,000 ethnic villages destroyed in Burma: TBBC 6.

Comparable to the number destroyed in Darfur: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, p. iii.

Nearly 3 million displaced in Darfur: IDMC 6, p. 1.

Again, well more than half a million displaced in eastern Burma alone: TBBC 9.

Millions have fled the country: At least 750,000 Rohingya, Human Rights Watch 5, p. 6; some 2 million migrant workers in Thailand, TBBC 2; a couple of hundred thousand refugees inside Thailand (TBBC 3) and out (UNHCR 9).

Sudan’s mortality rate for children under five: UNICEF, p. 120.

Eastern Burma’s under-five mortality rate: Back Pack Health Worker Team, p. 32. An earlier survey found a prevalence of 276 to 291 per 1,000 live births. Lee et al.

Darfur death count:
GenocideInDarfur.net
.

400,000 killed in Burma by 1990: Martin Smith, p. 101.

Body count “would reach as high as millions”: General Saw Maung, quoted in Pedersen, p. 121, and Martin Smith, p. 101.

Slow and indirect genocide is still genocide:
The Prosecutor v. Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana
, paragraph 115;
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu
, paragraph 505.

Intent can be inferred:
The Prosecutor v. Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana
, paragraph 527.

“the result of policy at the highest level, entailing political and legal responsibility”: United Nations 4.

Refugee-camp kids’ drawings: La Guardia.

“Soon the Karen will no longer exist”: You can see one of these messages in the footage of
Give Them a Chance to Read
.

25,000 Karenni in camps in Thailand/more than 50,000 internally displaced:
Thompson
.

Shan race = enemy to be destroyed: Thomson.

Shan women = targets of rape for “admixture of blood”: Horton, section 13.8.

No atrocity crimes in the ’07 draft resolution: United Nations 8.

China and Russia veto: United Nations 9.

Armenian genocide finally recognized by UNHRC: United Nations 1;
Adalian
.

Jurists say Rwanda and Darfur are precedents for Burma: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School.

“world cannot wait”/“
prima facie
case of international criminal law violations”: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, pp. iv and 2-3, respectively.

More than 50 congresspeople sent letter to President Obama: US Campaign for Burma.

Rohingya:

“do something to assist the people of Burma”: US Department of State 5.

“engaged in ethnic cleansing against minorities within Burma”:
Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003
.

China, Russia, Japan rejected proposal to talk about Burma in 2006: Lynch.

UN secretary-general advocate of noncoercive measures: Luck, p. 1.

Noncoercive measures not going to work: And the UN knows it. You can see both Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and his special envoy, Ibrahim Gambari, grumbling about how little progress the diplomatic process has made in Burma in Wai Moe 1 and Jha 2.

Villagers buried to their necks and bludgeoned with a shovel: Nicholas Thompson.

Burma gets less than a tenth of the aid Cambodia does: Watkins et al., p. 292.

People with AIDS on meds waiting list: Kyi Wai.

Relief is less than $3 per person/vs. $50 in Sudan: Watkins et al., p. 292.

US Burma policy ignoring Karen/other ethnicities’ crises/massacres: You can see them being pointedly unincluded in the concerns listed by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (“It’s so critical that [Aung San Suu Kyi] be released from this persecution that she has been under. And if she were released, that would open up opportunities, at least for my country, to expand our relationship with Burma, including investments in Burma.”) and State Department
spokesman Ian Kelly (“We want a government that responds to the needs of its people; a government that frees political prisoners unconditionally, including Aung San Suu Kyi; and the start of a dialogue, of a constructive dialogue, with the political opposition there.”) in US Department of State 11 and Jha 5, respectively.

Wa:

Burma cultivated 29 percent more opium in 2007: UNODC 2, p. 7.

Plus tons of amphetamine pills: UNODC 3, pp. 120-121.

“Ice Triangle”: Wyler, p. 9.

Plus lots of the raw material for ecstasy: UNODC 1. The chemical is called safrole.

“‘failed demonstrably’ to meet its international counternarcotics obligations”: US Department of State 10.

Seven major and a dozen subnationalities:
Smith
.

“so corrupt it turns my stomach”: McCoy, p. 412.

“a well-founded fear of being persecuted”: From the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. UNHCR 7, p. 16.

Thailand one of seven worst countries in which to be a refugee: US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 3, p. 5.

The story of the creation of the Karen and Europeans is recounted in Hinton, pp. 42-43.

Burmese watching election, waiting for invasion: Wai Moe 2.

President Obama’s inauguration speech censored: Min Lwin 5.

Sifting tea leaves for signs of change: Kyaw Zwa Moe.

Burmese not warned that Cyclone Nargis was coming: Mungpi 1; Jagan.

Nargis killed 140,000: UNISDR.

“You’re coming to save us, aren’t you?”:
The New York Times
2.

The story of Toh Meh Pah: Falla, pp. 11-14.

Dave’s dog proverb and Mordor metaphor: Rogers, pp. 196 and 181-182, respectively.

Only a few hours of electricity in Rangoon a day: Saw Yan Naing 12.

Some cities buy private, overpriced electricity: Aung Hla Tun 1.

Climate-controlled penguin habitat:
The New York Times
1 and 2; Beaton.

Burma ratified Forced Labour Convention in ’55/ILO told Burma to quit forced labor in ’64: International Labour Organization 1.

Extended supplementary agreement in 2009: International Labour Organization 2.

Internal ILO paper reported concerns: International Labour Organization 3.

Details of the ILO’s dealings with Burma were also confirmed by Steve Marshall.

Junta says forced labor is voluntary labor: Burma Issues 2, p. 18.

Two people arrested for having videotaped forced labor: Committee to Protect Journalists 1.

Collection of government orders for forced labor: KHRG 3.

Getting work permits costly, complicated: US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 2.

Details about the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit’s work:
Nosten
. A lot of the information can be found also on SMRU’s website,
shoklo-unit.com
.

Details about Dr. Cynthia:
Cynthia Maung
; Mae Tao Clinic;
Wells
. You can read an extensive interview with her in Thornton, beginning on p. 82.

$4 Burmese abortions: Kyi Wai 2.

Camp teachers repatriating: UK Department for International Development, p. 12.

Process, details of getting Ta Mla to the United States:
Morrissey
;
Price
.

Up to 15 percent of camp residents have TB:
Morrissey
.

Principles of the Asylum Officer Basic Training Course: Immigration Officer Academy.

Refugee officer training based on Asylum Officer Basic Training course: US Department of State 9, Appendix F.

Book about culture in the United States: International Organization for Migration 1.

Video about culture in the United States:
Welcome to the United States: Refugee Guide to Resettlement, Orientation Video, English Version.

Time between resettlement approval and departure: UNHCR 4;
Price
.