gobekli tepe - genesis of the gods (62 page)

*17
. In 1989 Egyptologist David Rohl, in his book
Legend,
identified the Pison with the Uizhun River in Iran (the modern Qezel Uzun). Yet realistically this is untenable, as the Uizhun takes its course a full 250 miles (400 kilometers) southeast of Lake Van. Why have the sources of three of the rivers close together, only for the fourth one to be so far away? It just doesn’t make sense, especially given that the heads of the four rivers are said to emerge from a single stream that waters the Garden of Eden.

*18
. Many thanks to Jonathan Bright for clarifying the Greek variations of the name for Watcher.

*19
. Many thanks to Gagik Avagyan for all facts regarding the etymology and meaning of Bingol’s Armenian place-names, which were gleaned from correspondence in May–June 2013.

*20
. The Natufians probably imported figs from Egypt (see Kislev, Hartmann, and Bar-Yosef, “Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley,” 1372–74), while the presence of cultivated grain seeds in early Natufian settlements argues for a connection with the peoples of the Nile Valley during this time. In addition to this, shellfish from the Nile Valley were found at the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha in the Jordan Valley.

ENDNOTES

INTRODUCTION

1
. Michael Zick, “Der älteste Tempel der Welt,”
bild der wissenschaft
8 (2000): 60–66.

2
. Collins, Andrew, “Göbekli Tepe and the Rebirth of Sirius,” 2013,
www.andrewcollins.com/page/articles/Gobekli_Sirius.htm
(accessed January 13, 2014).

PROLOGUE. IN QUEST OF ANGELS

1
. Green,
The City of the Moon God,
13, quoting Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah al-Kisa’i,
The Tales of the Prophets of Al-Kisa’ i
.

2
. Lloyd and Brice, “Harran,” 90–91.

3
. Budge,
The Chronography of Gregory Abû’ l Faraj, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician, Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus,
vol. I, 7.

4
. See Lloyd and Brice, “Harran,” 77–111. They report on surface finds at Harran, including distinctive ceramic ware belonging to the Halaf culture.

5
. Yardimci,
Mezopotamya’ya açilan kapi Harran,
362–64.

6
. Book of Jubilees, 8:1–4.

7
. Josephus, “The Antiquities of the Jews,” bk. I, ch. vi, verse 4.

8
. Hommel,
The Ancient Hebrew Tradition,
292–97.

9
. Segal,
Edessa,
p. 2 n. 2.

10
. Ibid., p. 2 n. 4, 106.

CHAPTER 1. A LIFETIME’S WORK

1
. Hony and Fahir,
A Turkish-English Dictionary,
s.v. “göbek.”

2
. Schmidt, “The 2003 Campaign at Göbekli Tepe (Southeastern Turkey),” 5
.

3
. Benedict, “Survey Work in Southeastern Anatolia,” 150–91.

4
. Schirmer, “Some Aspects of Building at the ‘Aceramic-neolithic’ Settlement of Çayönü Tepesi,” 378.

5
. Cauvin
, The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture,
172–73.

6
. Schirmer, “Some Aspects of Building at the ‘Aceramic-neolithic’ Settlement of Çayönü Tepesi,” 382.

7
. Dates for the PPNA and PPNB taken from Cauvin,
Birth of the Gods,
76.

8
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 46.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Cauvin,
Birth of the Gods,
91.

11
. See Lewis-Williams and Pearce,
Inside the Neolithic Mind;
Hancock,
Supernatural
.

12
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 46.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe—the Stone Age Sanctuaries,” p. 241, n. 1.

376

CHAPTER 2. MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

1
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
216. This is the 2012 English language edition of the book
Sie bauten die ersten Tempel: Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger,
published in 2006. All references will be taken from the English edition. See also Collins,
The Cygnus Mystery,
209–14, which explores the possibility of psychoactive substances, mushrooms in particular, being used at Göbekli Tepe.

2
. Harner, “Common Themes in South American Indian Yagé Experiences,” 160–64.

3
. Ibid., 162, 164.

4
. Mann, “The Birth of Religion,” 48.

5
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 51.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe—the Stone Age Sanctuaries,” 242.

8
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 51.

9
. Mann, “The Birth of Religion,” 57.

10
. Waverly Fitzgerald, “Transformation Mysteries of Grain and Grapes,” School of the Seasons,
www.schooloftheseasons.com/pdfdocs/harvestsample.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014).

11
. Peters and Schmidt, “Animals in the Symbolic World of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, South-eastern Turkey,” 214.

12
. Karapetyan and Kanetsyan, “Pre-Urartian Armavir,” 52.

13
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 48.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Peters and Schmidt, “Animals in the Symbolic World,” 179–218.

16
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 48.

17
. Heun, Schäfer-Pregl, Klawan, et al., “Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprinting,” 1312–14.

18
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey,” 48.

CHAPTER 3. FROZEN IN STONE

1
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
140–1.

2
. Banning, “So Fair a House,” 619–60.

3
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
148.

4
. Dietrich, Köksal-Schmidt, Kürkcüoglu, et al., “Göbekli Tepe,” 30–31.

5
. Çelik, “A New Early Neolithic Settlement in Southeastern Turkey,” 3–5; Çelik, “Hamzan Tepe in the Light of New Finds,” 257–68.

6
. Çelik, “Sefer Tepe,” 23–25.

7
. Çelik, Güler, and Güler, “Türkiye’nin Güneydoğusunda Yeni Bir Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Yerleşim” 225–36.

8
. Çelik, “A New Early-Neolithic Settlement: Karahan Tepe,” 6–8.

9
. Verhoeven, “Person or Penis? Interpreting a ‘New’ PPNB Anthropomorphic Statue from the Taurus Foothills,” 8–9.

10
. Aurenche and Kozlowski,
La naissance du néolithique au Proche Orient ou le paradis perdu,
figure 13.

11
. Izady,
The Kurds,
23.

12
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
235.

CHAPTER 4. STRANGE GLYPHS AND IDEOGRAMS

1
. Reichel-Dolmatoff,
Basketry as Metaphor,
33.

2
. Personal communication with Kelly Delaney Stacy and Amadeus Diamond in March 2013.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Baldwin Spencer,
Across Australia,
402–3.

5
. Ibid., 401.

6
. Ibid., figure 278 opp. p. 403.

7
. Çelik, “An Early Neolithic Settlement in the Center of Şanlıurfa, Turkey,” 4–6.

8
. Cauvin,
The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture,
123–25.

CHAPTER 5. GATEWAY TO HEAVEN

1
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe Excavations 2005,” 100.

2
. David Frawley, “Vedic Origins of the Zodiac: The Hymns of Dirghatamas in the Rig Veda,” American Institute of Vedic Studies,
www.vedanet.com/2012/06/vedic-originsof-the-zodiac-the-hymns-of-dirghatamas-in-the-rig-veda/
(accessed January 15, 2014).

3
. Rao,
Lothal,
40–41.

4
. Callataÿ,
Annus Platonicus
.

5
. John A. Halloran, “Sumerian Lexicon: Version 3.0,” Sumerian.org,
www.sumerian.org/sumerian.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014), see “ùš” (placenta), “úš” (blood, death, etc.), “uš” (foundation place, base).

6
. King,
African Cosmos,
53.

7
. Williams,
Spirit Tree,
147–48.

8
. Roscoe,
The Baganda,
235.

9
. Ibid., 236.

10
. Ibid., 236; Frazer,
The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings,
vol. 1, 196.

11
. Rice,
Egypt’s Making,
108–9. See also Long, “The Placenta in Lore and Legend,” 233–41.

12
. King,
African Cosmos,
53.

13
. Griaule and Dieterlen,
The Pale Fox,
153–59.

14
. Frazer,
Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings,
vol. 1, 195.

CHAPTER 6. WINDOW ON ANOTHER WORLD

1
. Belmonte, “Finding Our Place in the Cosmos,” 2052–62.

2
. Rappenglück,
Eine Himmelskarte aus der Eiszeit?

3
. Ibid
.
See also Belmonte, “Finding Our Place in the Cosmos.”

4
. See Collins,
The Cygnus Mystery.

5
. Mellaart,
Çatalhöyük,
178.

6
. Dietrich,
The Origins of Greek Religion,
106–7.

CHAPTER 7. TURNED TOWARD THE STARS

1
. See Schoch
, Forgotten Civilization,
53–57.

2
. Magli, Giulio, “Possible Astronomical References in the Project of the Megalithic Enclosures of Göbekli Tepe,” Cornell University Library online,
http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.8397
(accessed March 20, 2014).

3
. Ibid.

4
. Collins and Hale, “Göbekli Tepe and the Rising of Sirius,” 2013,
www.andrewcollins.com/page/articles/G%F6bekli_Sirius.htm
(accessed January 15, 2014).

5
. Ibid.

6
. See Collins,
The Cygnus Mystery,
and the references therein, for a full exegesis of this topic
.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Schmidt and Dietrich, “A Radiocarbon Date from the Wall Plaster of Enclosure D of Göbekli Tepe,” 82–83.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Oliver Dietrich, “PPND—The Platform for Neolithic Radiocarbon Dates,” Ex Oriente,
www.exoriente.org/associated_projects/ppnd_site.php?s=25
(accessed January 15, 2014).

11
. Ibid.

12
. The mean azimuths of individual buildings are based on Özdoğan and Özdoğan, “Çayönü,” 65–74, using an extinction altitude for Deneb of 2 degrees including refraction.

13
. Yakar, “Anatolian Chronology and Terminology,” 67, summarizing Damien Bischoff, “CANeW 14C Databases and 14C Tables: Upper Mesopotamia (SE Turkey, N Syria and N Iraq 10,000–5000 cal BC),” 2006,
www.canew.org
; and Damien Bischoff, “CANeW Material Culture Stratigraphic Tables: Upper Mesopotamia (SE Turkey, N Syria and N Iraq 10,000–5000 cal BC),” 2007,
www.canew.org
.

14
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
141–42.

15
. Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe,
99.

16
. For an examination of this subject, see Koster,
The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen: Stray Finds and Excavations 1947–1983.

17
. See Avetisian, “Urartian Ceramics from the Ararat Valley as a Cultural Phenomenon,” 293–314.

18
. A house with a seelenloch in the Tyrolean village of Serfaus in the Landeck district of Austria can be viewed here with a description:
Serfaus Intern
4/2011,
www.serfaus.gv.at/gemeindeamt/download/222301657_1.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014).

19
. For an overview of Caucasian dolmens and their dating, see Trifonov et al., “The Dolmen Kolikho, Western Caucasus,” 761–69.

20
. For a good introduction to holes used by shaman to reach the lower and upper world, see Harner,
The Way of the Shaman,
31–35. See also Eliade,
Shamanism,
259–60.