gobekli tepe - genesis of the gods (65 page)

13
. Ibid., 4.3, 649. Martirosyan takes this information from Hübschmann,
Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen,
vol. 2, 287, where he proposes that Gaylaxaz-ut is Baghir Dağ and that the village of Xač is Khach Dağ. However, Hübschmann adds that he cannot decide which mountain range is being indicated and that it could be somewhere else altogether.

14
. Hübschmann,
Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen,
vol. 2, 371.

15
. Pliny,
Historiarum naturae,
vol. 2, translated by Pierre Danès, bk. 37, ch. 24.

16
. “Peri,” Dictionary.com,
http://m.dictionary.com/d/?q=PERIS
(accessed January 15, 2014).

17
. Hübschmann,
Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen,
s.v. “Gail.”

18
. Strecker and Kiepert,
Beiträge zur geographischen erklärung des rückzuges der zehntausend durch das armenische hochland,
8.

19
. Personal communication between Hakan Dalkus and the author.

20
. Personal communication between Hakan Dalkus and the author on February 28, 2012.

21
. Personal communication between Hakan Dalkus and the author in March 2013.

CHAPTER 25. SAVIORS OF THE WORLD

1
. Czaplicka,
Aboriginal Siberia,
296, cf. Jochelson,
The Koryak,
89.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Czaplicka,
Aboriginal Siberia,
295, cf. Jochelson,
The Koryak,
89–90.

4
. Ibid., 261.

5
. Thorsson,
Futhark,
53.

6
. Ibid., 54.

7
. Hultkrantz, “A New Look at the World Pillar in Arctic and Sub-Arctic Religions,” 32.

8
. Ibid.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Zaliznyak, “The Archaeology of the Occupation of the East European Taiga Zone at the Turn of the Palaeolithic-Mesolithic,” 95, 104–6.

12
. Peters and Schmidt, “Animals in the Symbolic World of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, South-eastern Turkey,” 179–218.

13
. Yeshurun, Bar-Oz, and Weinstein-Evron, “The Role of Foxes in the Natufian Economy,” 1–15.

CHAPTER 26. STRANGE-LOOKING PEOPLE

1
. Burney,
From Village to Empire,
quoted in Settegast,
Plato Prehistorian,
63.

2
. Roberts,
The Incredible Human Journey,
2010, 276.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe and the Early Sites of the Urfa Region,” 9–11.

5
. Ibid., 10.

6
. Ibid.

7
. See Schoch,
Forgotten Civilization,
101.

CHAPTER 27. IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN

1
. Tom Knox, “Do These Mysterious Stones Mark the Site of the Garden of Eden?”
Daily Mail Online,
March 5, 2009,
www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1157784/Do-mysterious-stones-mark-site-Garden-Eden.html#ixzz2Jglfu1fT
(accessed January 15, 2014).

2
. Ibid.

3
. For a full account of theories on the whereabouts of the Garden of Eden, or terrestrial Paradise, see Delumeau,
History of Paradise.

4
. Biblical quotation from
Young’s Literal Translation of the Bible,
1898.

5
. Rohl,
Legend,
47.

6
. Johns,
An Assyrian Doomsday Book,
38.

7
. “Togarmah,” Bible History Online,
www.bible-history.com/isbe/T/TOGARMAH/
(accessed January 15, 2014).

8
. Smith,
The Chaldean Account of Genesis,
175.

9
. Strabo,
Geography,
bk. 11, ch. 13. v. 7.

10
. Ibid., bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 9.

11
. Ibid., bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 14.

12
. Rohl,
Legend,
52.

13
. Walker, “The Real Land of Eden.”

14
. McClintock and Strong,
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature,
s.v. “Gihon.”

15
. Clarke,
The Holy Bible,
41–42.

16
. Strabo,
Geography,
bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 9.

17
. Forbes,
Metallurgy in Antiquity,
151.

18
. Strabo,
Geography,
bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 12.

19
. Carver,
A Discourse of the Terrestrial Paradise,
155.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Wigram and Wigram,
The Cradle of Mankind,
264; Nichols,
Rome and the Eastern Churches,
2010, 59.

23
. See, for instance, “History of the Nestorian Church,” Nestorian.org,
www.nestorian.org/history_of_the_nestorian_churc.html
(accessed January 15, 2014).

24
. Isin,
Sherbet and Spice,
39.

25
.
Encyclopedia Britannica,
1911, s.v. “Bitlis.”

26
. Issawi,
The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914.

27
. See, for instance, “Astragalus,” Biogeociencias.com,
www.biogeociencias.com/Webimpacts/2009/WorksofTurkishSchool/PLANT%20&%20ANIMALS%20htmls/geven.html
(accessed January 15, 2014), where the distribution of the genus is cited as “Turkey (Anatolian), Hakkari.”

28
. Clarke,
The Holy Bible,
41–42.

CHAPTER 28. THE FOUNTAIN OF PARADISE

1
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
, 1911, s.v. “Mush.”

2
. Garsoïan, “Taron as an Early Christian Armenian Center,” 63–65.

3
. Sauer, “The River Runs Dry,” 52–54, 57, 64.

4
. Ibid.

5
. See, for instance, Wayne Blank, “Where Was the Garden of Eden?” Daily Bible Study,
www.keyway.ca/htm2002/eden.htm
(accessed January 15, 2014).

6
. See, for instance, Lawrence E. Stager, “Jerusalem as Eden,”
Biblical Archaeological Review
26, no. 3 (May–June 2000),
http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Jerusalem_as_Eden,_Lawrence_E._Stager,_BAR_26:03,_May/Jun_2000
(accessed January 15, 2014).

7
. See Movsisyan,
The Sacred Highlands,
and the references therein.

8
. Taken from Burke,
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland,
634.

9
. Drake,
An Accurate Description and History of the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St. Peter, York,
102.

10
. Carver,
A Discourse of the Terrestrial Paradise,
Dedication.

11
. Ibid., 1.

12
. Ibid., 42.

13
. Ibid., 45.

14
. Ibid., 43, 45, 47.

15
. Ibid., 43.

16
. Strabo,
Geography,
bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 8.

17
. Pliny,
The Natural History,
bk. 6, ch. 31. Ed. by John Bostock and H. T. Riley, Perseus Digital Library,
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D31
(accessed January 15, 2014).

18
. Carver,
A Discourse of the Terrestrial Paradise,
152.

19
. Ibid., 152–53.

20
. Kinneir,
Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, and Koordistan in the Years 1813 and 1814,
384.

21
. Carver,
A Discourse of the Terrestrial Paradise,
153.

22
. Gaidzakian,
Illustrated Armenia and the Armenians,
21, quoting
The Dix Neuwine Sircle
, Paris, May 17, 1891.

23
. Wigram and Wigram,
Cradle of Mankind,
26.

24
. Massey,
The Natural Genesis,
vol. 2, 231.

25
. Speiser,
Genesis,
16, 19.

26
. Millard, “The Etymology of Eden,” 103–6.

27
. Herbert,
Some Yeares Travels into Divers Parts of Asia and Afrique,
vol. 2, p. 221. See also Houtsma,
Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936,
s.v. “Bingöldagh.”

28
. Pliny,
Historiarum naturae,
vol. 2, bk. 37, ch. 24. Translation by Pierre Danès.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Strabo,
Geography,
bk. 11, ch. 14, v. 2.

31
. W. B. Fisher and C. E. Bosworth,
Encyclopaedia Iranica,
s.v. “Araxes River,”
www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river
(accessed January 15, 2014).

32
. Houtsma,
Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936,
s.v. “Bingöldagh.”

33
. One tradition holds that the true source of the Tigris is Lake Nazook, which lies on the southern slopes of the Armenian Highlands, near the town of Bulanık. See Williams,
Two Essays on the Geography of Ancient Asia, etc.,
273.

CHAPTER 29. THE WORLD’S SUMMIT

1
. Hübschmann,
Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen,
vol. 2, 370.

2
. Hewsen and Shirakats’i,
The Geography of Ananias of Širak,
59, 63.

3
. Movsisyan,
The Sacred Highlands,
29–30.

4
. Ibid., 29.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Houtsma,
Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936,
s.v. “Bingöldagh.”

7
. Strecker and Kiepert,
Beiträge zur geographischen erklärung des rückzuges der zehntausend durch das armenische hochland
.

8
. Xenophon,
Anabasis,
ed. by Carleton L. Brownson, Perseus Digital Library,
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0202
(accessed January 15, 2014).

9
. Strecker and Kiepert,
Beiträge zur geographischen erklärung,
8.

10
. Ibid., 8, n. 1.

11
. See Rohl,
Legend,
53, 54, 56, 62, 66, 68, etc.

12
. Budge,
The Life and Exploits of Alexander
.

13
. Coomaraswamy, “Khwaja Khadir and the Fountain of Life in the Tradition of Persian and Mughal Art,” 157–67.

14
. See, for instance, “Bingöl Evlilik,” eCift,
www.ecift.com/evlilik/bingoel-evlilik.html
(accessed January 15, 2014).

15
. Qur’an 18: 60–65.

16
. Anderson,
Green Man,
29, 75.

17
. Leeming,
Creation Myths of the World,
vol. 1, 248.

18
. Archi, “The God Hay(y)a (Ea-Enki) at Ebla,” 15–36.

19
. Movsisyan,
Sacred Highlands,
47–49.

20
. Ibid., 69.

21
. “Byurakn,” HyeForum,
http://hyeforum.com/index.php?showtopic=6497
(accessed January 15, 2014).

22
. Heinberg,
Memories and Visions of Paradise,
42.

23
. Roux,
Ancient Iraq,
1980, 106.

24
. Ibid.

25
. Tabakow, “Reflections on a Fulbright Year in Bahrain.”

26
. Kramer,
Sumerian Mythology,
1998, 81.

27
. Izady,
The Kurds,
19.

28
. Ibid., 67.

29
. Ibid., 44.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Bruinessen, “Aslini Inkar Eden Haramzadedir! The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of the Kurdish Alevis,” 5.

32
. See Russell,
Zoroastrianism in Armenia,
515–27.