gobekli tepe - genesis of the gods (64 page)

CHAPTER 18. AFTERMATH

1
. See Andrew Collins, “One Week in Kurdistan,” Andrewcollins.com,
www.andrewcollins.com/page/articles/kurdistan.htm
(accessed January 15, 2014).

2
. Mackrel,
Halley’s Comet over New Zealand,
95.

3
. Bunch, Hermes, Moore, et al., “Very High-temperature Impact Melt Products.”

4
. Firestone, West, and Warwick-Smith,
The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes,
304. See also Legrand and De Angelis, “Origins and Variations of Light Carboxylic Acids in Polar Precipitation,” 1445–62, and Firestone, West, Kennett, et al., “Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago That Contributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling,” 16016–21.

5
. Firestone, West, and Warwick-Smith,
Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes,
304.

6
. Ibid., 304–5.

7
. Ibid., 305.

8
. Ibid.

CHAPTER 19. THE REINDEER HUNTERS

1
. Roberts,
The Incredible Human Journey,
276.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Settegast,
Plato Preshistorian
.

6
. Ibid., 55–57.

7
. Ibid., 104–5, figure 62.

8
. Ibid., 55–57.

9
. Bailey and Spikins,
Mesolithic Europe,
294.

10
. Clark,
World Prehistory,
54.

CHAPTER 20. SWIDERIAN DAWN

1
. A date of 12.94 kya is given. See Haynes, “Geochronology of Paleoenvironmental Change, Clovis Type Site, Blackwater Draw, New Mexico,” 317–88, and Haynes, “Appendix B: Nature and Origin of the Black Mat,” in Haynes and Huckell, 2007, 240–49.

2
. Vogel and Waterbolk, “Groningen Radiocarbon Dates V,” 354.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Jażdżewski,
Ancient Peoples and Places,
45–46.

6
. Ibid., 46.

7
. V. O. Manko, “To the Question about the Chronology of Crimean Swiderian and Its Origin,”
Stone Age Times in Ukraine
14 (2011): 162–71,
www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/kdu/2011_14/162-171.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014).

8
. Bailey and Spikins,
Mesolithic Europe,
289.

9
. Nikolaeva and Safronov,
Istoki slavianskoi i evraziiskoi mifologii,
as translated into English on Yahoo Groups in message from “jdcroft” to “nostratic@yahoogroups. com” dated April 02, 2002, retrieved November 28, 2013,
http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nostratic/conversations/topics/534
. Full quotation: “The existence of a site like Suren’ 2 in the Crimea is estimated as spreading cultural influences from the side of the Swiderian culture from more Northern regions of East Europe. The possibility of the direct migration of a group of Swiderian population in the Crimea is not excluded.”

10
. Formozov, “Etnokulturnîie oblasti na terrotorii evropeiskoi ciasti SSSR v kamennom veke,” 59, 68, 71. For a good review of Formozov’s hypothesis, see Valentyn Stetsyuk, “Primary Settling of Europe and Caucasus,” Valentyn Stetsyuk (Lviv) Personal Site,
www.v-stetsyuk.name/en/NorthCauc.html
(accessed January 15, 2014).

11
. See Earth’s International Research Society, “Göbekli Tepe Report,” Academia.edu,
www.academia.edu/1960727/Gobekli_Tepe_Report
(accessed January 15, 2014). Here you’ll find stone blades found at Göbekli Tepe that are strikingly similar to Swiderian points.

12
. Hartz, Terberger, and Zhilin, “New AMS-dates for the Upper Volga Mesolithic and the Origin of Microblade Technology in Europe,” 155–69.

13
. Balkan-Atli and Cauvin, “Das Schwarz Gold der Steinzeit,” 202–7; Chabot and Pelegrin, “Two Examples of Pressure Blade Production with a Lever,” 181–98.

14
. See, for instance, Takala,
The Ristola Site in Lahti and the Earliest Postglacial Settlement of South Finland
.

15
. Hartz, Terberger, and Zhilin, “New AMS-dates for the Upper Volga Mesolithic.”

16
. Ibid. See also Olofsson,
Pioneer Settlement in the Mesolithic of Northern Sweden
.

17
. Valentyn Stetsyuk, “Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia: The Anthropological Type of Autochthon Europeans and Their Language,” Valentyn Stetsyuk (Lviv),
http://alterling2.narod.ru/English/AO21ab.doc
(accessed January 15, 2014).

18
. Gimbutas,
The Prehistory of Eastern Europe,
28.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid., 31–32.

21
. Peake and Fleure,
Corridors of Time,
67, 73–74; Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age,
334–37. For the original discovery of the Brno skulls, see Makowsky, “Der diluviale Mensch im Loss von Brünn,” 73–84, and for recent radiocarbon dating of the Brno 2 skull to 23,680 +/- 200 years BP, see Pettitt and Trinkaus, “Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Brno 2 Gravettian Human Remains,” 149–50. Although the skull is said to be Gravettian in age, Pettitt and Trinkaus say that the dating would make it exceptionally late for this period, suggesting that it could be related to the Szeletian culture; that is, the proto-Solutreans of Central Europe.

22
. Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age,
334.

23
. Peake and Fleure,
Corridors of Time,
71–73, 74; Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age,
334–37.

24
. Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age,
337.

25
. Peake and Fleure,
Corridors of Time,
67–68.

26
. Coon,
The Races of Europe,
36–39.

27
. Shtrunov, “The Origin of Haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe,” 7, 9.

CHAPTER 21. THE SOLUTREAN CONNECTION

1
. McKern and McKern,
Tracking Fossil Man,
147.

2
. Šatavičius, “Brommian (Lyngby) Finds in Lithuania,” 17–45.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Montelius, “Palaeolithic Implements Found in Sweden.”

5
. For further information, see Stanford and Bradley,
Across Atlantic Ice
.

6
. Oakley,
Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man,
163–65; Burkitt,
Prehistory,
129–30. The culture is known as the Szeletian, and for a full discussion on the subject see Adams, “The Bükk Mountain Szeletian,” 427–40, particularly page 433. Here the author argues against the Szeletian culture being either Neanderthal or the product of a Neanderthal-AMH (anatomically modern human) interaction.

7
. Osborn,
Men of the Old Stone Age,
337. See also page 345.

8
. Peake and Fleure,
Corridors of Time,
67.

9
. Bradley, Anikovitch, and Giria, “Early Upper Paleolithic in the Russian Plain,” 989–98. See also Stanford and Bradley,
Across Atlantic Ice,
144.

10
. Maron et al, “Single Amino Acid Radiocarbon Dating of Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans,” 6878–81.

11
. Zubov,
Sungir,
144–62.

12
. Childe,
The Prehistory of European Society,
21–2.

13
. Jochim, “Upper Palaeolithic,” 88.

14
. Aujoulat,
Lascaux.
The author speaks of a radiocarbon date of 18,600 ± 190 BP being obtained in 1998 from a fragment of reindeer antler baton found at the foot of the panel of the Shaft Scene. It places the art at the boundary between the Upper Solutrean and the Badegoulian age.

15
. Mannermaa, Panteleyev, and Sablin, “Birds in Late Mesolithic Burials at Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrove,” 19–20.

16
. Grumeza,
Dacia,
75.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Eliade, “The Dacians and Wolves,” 1–20. See also Eliade,
De la Zalmoxis la Genghis-Han,
11–13.

19
. Grumeza,
Dacia,
76.

20
. Eriksen, “Resource Exploitation Subsistence Strategies and Adaptiveness in Late Pleistocene Early Holocene Northwest Europe,” 119, 125.

21
. See Laurentiu Puicin, “Historical Considerations regarding the Shepherd and the Origins of the Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog Breed Text,” trans. by Daniel Milea,
http://carpatini.cabanova.ro/Consideration.html
(accessed January 15, 2014; to retrieve download in text format only).

CHAPTER 22. OBSIDIAN OBSESSION

1
. See Stanford and Bradley,
Across Atlantic Ice,
134.

2
. Viola T. Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic in Hungary and Adjoining Areas,”
Natural Resource Environment and Humans
1 (March 2011): 83–95,
www.meiji.ac.jp/cols/english/research/6t5h7p00000de6rx-att/06.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014).

3
. Ibid.

4
. O’Hanlon, Larry, “Volcanic Artifacts Imply Ice-age Mariners in Prehistoric Greece,” Phys Org, August 29, 2011,
http://phys.org/news/2011-08-volcanic-artifacts-imply-ice-age-mariners.html
(accessed January 15, 2014).

5
. Perlès, “L’outillage de pierre taillée néolithique en Grèce,” 1–42.

6
. Tripković, Milić, and Shackley, “Obsidian in the Central Balkans,” 163–79.

7
. Kozlowski, “West Carpathians and Sudeten at the End of the Upper Palaeolithic,” 127–37.

8
. Ibid. See also Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic.”

9
. Osipowicz and Szeliga, “Functional Analysis of a Late-Palaeolithic Obsidian Tanged Point from Wolodz, District Brzozów, Podkarpacie Voivodship,” 153–60.

10
. Buck, “Ancient Technology in Contemporary Surgery,” 265–69.

11
. Dobosi, “Obsidian Use in the Palaeolithic,” and Rómer,
Műrégészeti Kalauz különös tekintettel Magyarországra,
as paraphased by László Szathmáry,
http://jam.nyirbone.hu/konyvtar/evkonyv/97-98/Szathmar.htm
(accessed January 15, 2014).

12
. Ibid.

13
. Rómer,
Műrégészeti Kalauz különös tekintettel Magyarországra.

14
. Spence,
The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico,
81.

CHAPTER 23. THE BINGÖL MASTERS

1
. F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, “Towards a Materiality of Pilgrimage? Characterizing Obsidian from Neolithic Göbekli Tepe (Urfa Region, SE Turkey),”
Rapport Sur Le Projet Eu-Artech
7 (April 2008),
www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/19543365/user-report-eu-artech
(accessed January 15, 2014).

2
. Owen Jarus, “‘World’s Oldest Temple’ May Have Been Cosmopolitan Center,”
LiveScience,
March 15, 2012,
www.livescience.com/19085-world-oldest-temple-tools-pilgrimage.html
(accessed January 15, 2014).

3
. Ibid.

4
. Clark,
World Prehistory,
58.

5
. Mellaart,
Earliest Civilizations of the Near East,
16.

6
. Settegast,
Plato Preshistorian,
61.

7
. Ibid., 59–61.

CHAPTER 24. WOLF STONE MOUNTAIN

1
. Forrest and Skjaervo,
Witches, Whores and Sorcerers,
104.

2
. Zaehner,
Zurvan,
ix.

3
. Hrach Martirosyan, “Studies in Armenian Etymology” (dissertation, University of Leiden, 2008), 3.5.2.4, 632,
www.vahagnakanch.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/armenian-etymologies.pdf
(accessed January 15, 2014).

4
. Ibid., 4.3, 641, 649.

5
. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 631.

6
. Ibid., “Studies in Armenian Etymology,” 4.3, 649–51.

7
. Ibid., 4.3, 652; 4.5, 653.

8
. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 631–32.

9
. Ibid., 3.5.2.4, 633.

10
. Ibid., 4.3, 649.

11
. Ibid., 4.3, 649.

12
. Ibid., 4.3, 650.