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Authors: Disarmed: The Story of the Venus De Milo

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———.
La Vénus de Milo
. Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie., 1871b.

———. “La Vénus de Milo.”
Revue Archéologique
(Paris) 16 (1890).

———. “La Vénus de Milo.”
Des Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres
(Paris), 1892.

———.
La philosophie en France au XIX
e
siècle
. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1983.

———.
L’art et les mystères grecs
. Paris: L’Herne, 1985.

———.
De l’habitude
. Paris: Rivages Poche, 1997.

Reinach, Salomon. Review of Ravaisson on Venus de Milo.
Revue Critique d’Histoire et de Littérature
35 (1893): 445.

———. Review of Furtwängler’s
Die antiken Gemmen. Revue Critique
, 1900: 102.

———. “La tiare de Saitapharnes.”
L’Anthropologie
, 1903: 238, 361.

———. “Documents nouveaux sur Frédéric de Clarac.”
Revue Archéologique
,

1907: 304.

———. “Adolf Furtwängler.”
Revue Archéologique
, 1907: 326.

———. “Pauline Tarn.”
Notes and Queries
, 1914: 488.

———.
Répertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine
. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux, 1920.

———.
Monuments nouveaux de l’art antique
. Paris: Simon Kra, 1924.

———.
Apollo
. Trans. Florence Simms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,

1924.

———. “Souvenirs sur Furtwängler.”
Revue Archéologique
, 1928: 204.

———. “Pour le ‘sottisier’ de la Vénus de Milo.”
Revue Archéologique
, 1929: 181.

———.
Amalthée
. Paris: Librairie Ernst Leroux, 1930.

———.
Lettres à Liane de Pougy
. Paris: Plon, 1980.

———.
Cultes, mythes, et religions
. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1996.

Renfrew, Colin. “Glozel and the Two Cultures.”
Antiquity
49: 219.

———, and Malcolm Wagstaff.
An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Robertson, Martin.
A History of Greek Art
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Rodin, Auguste.
Venus: To the Venus of Melos
. Trans. Dorothy Dudley. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1912.

Rosenman, Helen, ed. and trans.
Two Voyages to the South Seas by Jules S-C Dumont D’Urville
. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1987.

Saint-Victor, Paul de.
Hommes et dieux
. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1867.

Salmon, Dimitri.
La Vénus de Milo: Un mythe
. Paris: Découvertes Gallimard, 2000.

Salomon, Nanette. “Making a World of Difference: Gender, Asymmetry, and the Greek Nude.” In
Naked Truths
, ed. Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow and Claire L. Lyons. London: Routledge, 1997.

Samuels, Ernest.
Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Legend
. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1987.

Sandys, John Edwin.
A History of Classical Scholarship
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908.

Sargeaunt, G. M.
Classical Studies
. London: Chatto and Windus, 1929.

Scarborough, John.
Facets of Hellenic Life
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.

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Gazette des Beaux-Arts
(Paris), 1909: 353.

Schonzeler, Hans-Hubert.
Furtwängler
. London: Duckworth, 1990.

Schuchhardt, Walter-Herwig.
Adolf Furtwängler
. Freiburg: Rombach and Co., 1956.

Seward, Desmond.
Napoleon’s Family
. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986.

Shreve, William Price.
The Venus of Milo: Its Discovery, the Theories Concerning It, Its Subsequent History
. Boston: Shreve, Crump and Low, 1878.

Sichtermann, Helmut.
Kulturgeschichte der klassischen Archäologie
. Munich: Beck, 1996.

Slade, Adolphus.
Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c
. London: Saunders and Otley, 1833.

Slot, B. J.
Archipelagus Turbatus
. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1982.

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. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.

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. Paris: Editions L’Harmattan, 1997.

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Fair Greece, Sad Relic
. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1954.

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Understanding Greek Sculpture
. London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.

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The Travels of Lord Charlemont in Greece & Turkey 1749
. London: Trigraph, 1984.

Stern, Bernard Herbert.
The Rise of Romantic Hellenism in English Literature 1732–1786
. Menasha, Wis.: George Banta Publishing Company, 1940.

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The Restoration Era in France: 1814–1830
. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1968.

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On the Track of Ulysses Together with an Excursion in Quest of the So-Called Venus of Melos
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1888.

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Venus de Milo, the Spinner
. New York: Exposition Press, 1958.

———. “The Spinning Aphrodite in Sculpture.”
American Journal of Archaeology
no. 64 (1960): 253.

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. London: C. and J. Rivington, 1826.

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Hellenistic Civilization
. New York: New American Library, 1961.

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Nineteenth Century Theories of Art
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Thornton, Bruce S.
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. New York: Westview Press, 1997.

———.
Greek Ways
. San Francisco: Encounter, 2000.

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. Trans. John Ozell. London: D. Midwinter, 1741.

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. New York: Brentano’s, 1913.

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. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.

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. Trans. Charles H. Hauff. Paris: Gaston Braun, 1913.

Vrettos, Theodore.
The Elgin Affair
. New York: Arcade, 1997.

Wagener, Françoise.
Madame Récamier 1777–1849
. Paris: J. C. Lattes, 1986.

Walbank, F. W.
The Hellenistic World
. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Wickes, George.
The Amazon of Letters
. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976.

Willms, Johannes.
Paris, Capital of Europe
. Trans. Eveline L. Kanes. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1997.

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim.
History of Ancient Art
. Trans. Alexander Gode. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1968.

———.
Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture
.

Trans. Elfriede Heyer and Roger C. Norton. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1987.

Wohlleben, Joachim. “Germany 1750–1830.” Trans. Andrew Knight. In
Perceptions of the Ancient Greeks
, ed. K. J. Dover. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

Wolf, John B.
France 1814–1919
. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963.

Woodhouse, C. M.
The Philhellenes
. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969.

———.
Modern Greece: A Short History
. London: Faber and Faber, 1991.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T
HE IDEA
for
Disarmed
took shape when my friend Daniel Okrent told me that the book I was describing to him—a book with chapters on various masterpieces of art—“sounded more like a series of magazine articles than a book. Why don’t you pick just one?” I owe the existence of this book to Dan’s sensible advice. He also kindly read the manuscript and gave helpful suggestions.

Stephen Harrigan, my neighbor and longtime friend, was always generous with his advice and enthusiasm during the time it took me to research and write. He read the manuscript at every stage and made incisive comments that greatly improved the final result.

My agent, David McCormick, believed in the project and in me even though I had never written a book before. During many conversations and much correspondence, he helped set me on the right path with his strong editorial voice and also handled the business affairs faultlessly.

William Broyles, Jr., was a friend and colleague in this as he has been in everything for more years than either of us want to count.

Lawrence Wright saved me from much wasted time and confusion with his suggestions about research and organization.

I’m very grateful to my editor, Ann Close, not only for her careful reading and notes, but also for believing in this book and its author from the beginning.

Norman Pearlstine has been a friend for many years. Recently he has shown great kindness toward me, without which this book could not have been written.

Alain Pasquier, general conservator of the Department of Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities at the Louvre, was generous on several occasions with his time and expertise.

Candy Gianetti’s copyediting improved the manuscript in many ways. Chester Rosson’s careful translation of many German sources helped immeasurably.

Claire Davenport spent many tedious hours poring through journals and databases for sources. Holly Brady of the Stanford Publishing Courses helped me navigate the perils of the Stanford library and bureaucracy. Suzanne Marchand of Louisiana State University provided very helpful information about German archeology and saved me from many errors and misinterpretations. Denise Schulze has spent long hours listening to me puzzle through French grammar. Thomas Palaima of the University of Texas was kind enough to read and comment incisively on my chapter on Greek society and art. Kevin Kwan in New York and Maria Vincenza Aloisi in Paris tracked down photographs and illustrations for me that were difficult to find. Caroline Wright did several searches for sources. I must also mention William Wiegand, now retired but formerly of San Francisco State College, from whom I learned most of what I know about writing and literature. The staff of the University of Texas at Austin libraries was unfailingly helpful.

Finally, I dedicate this book to my wife, Tracy. What she has given me is beyond measure. Also, many thanks to my son, Ben; my daughter, Vivian; and the other Venuses in my life, the members of T.L.L.W.C. You know who you are.

INDEX

Académie des Beaux-Arts,
3.1
,
3.2
,
4.1

Académie Française

Académie des Inscriptions and Belles Letters,
5.1
,
5.2

Academy of Bavaria

Academy of Caen

Academy of Sciences (Paris)

Actium, battle of

Aeschylus

Agamemnon, mask of

Aicard, Jean,
4.1
,
4.2

Alexander the Great,
2.1
,
3.1
,
4.1
,
6.1
,
7.1

Alexandros of Antioch,
3.1
,
3.2
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
6.1
,
7.1

Altman, Robert

Annales maritimes et colonials
,
4.1

Antarctica

Anthony

Antioch,
3.1
,
6.1

anti-Semitism,
5.1
,
5.2

Antiochus Epiphanes

Antiphanes

Antiquarium

Apelles,
2.1
,
6.1

Aphrodite Anadyomene

Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles),
3.1
,
6.1

Apollo Belvedere,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
; in Musée Napoléon,
3.4
; returned to Vatican,
3.5
,
3.6
,
3.7
,
3.8
; Winckelmann’s description of,
2.1
,
3.9

Arc de Triomphe

Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3

Arcangeli, Francesco

Archeological Museum (Naples)

archeology,
1.1
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
4.1
,
7.1
; digs,
5.1
;
see also

Furtwängler, Adolf; Reinach, Salomon Aristophanes

Aristotle,
4.1
,
4.2
,
5.1

Arscott, Caroline

Artois, comte d’

asymmetry, anatomical

Athens,
1.1
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
5.4
,
5.5
; ancient,
1.2
,
3.1
,
4.1
,
5.6
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3

Augustine, Saint

Augustinos, Olga

Austria

Bakkhios,
5.1
,
6.1

Balikans

Balzac, Honoré de,
3.1
,
4.1

Barker, Clive,
7.1
,
illus
.
7.2

Barney, Natalie Clifford

baroque art and architecture,
2.1
,
2.2

Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques

Beard, Mary

Beethoven, Ludwig van

Belgium

Berenson, Bernard,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
5.4

Bergson, Henri

Berlioz, Hector

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo,
2.1
,
2.2

Bible

Bonaparte, Caroline

Bonaparte, Napoleon,
see
Napoleon, emperor of France Bonapartism,
1.1
,
4.1

Bonite
(ship),
1.1
,
1.2

Borghese, Princess Pauline,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3

Borghese Mars,
4.1
,
illus
.
4.2
,
4.3

Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne

botany,
1.1
,
3.1
,
3.2

Bourbons,
1.1
,
1.2
; restoration of,
1.3
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3
,
3.4
;
see also
Louis XVI; Louis XVIII

bourgeoisie, rise of

Breslau, University of

Brest, Louis,
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1
,
5.1
,
5.2
; and Dumont d’Urville’s claims of discovery,
1.3
,
3.1
; Forbin’s visit to,
1.4
,
3.2
,
3.3
; primates of Melos and,
1.5
,
1.6
,
1.7

British Museum,
2.1
,
3.1
,
5.1

Brown, Shelby

Brunn, Heinrich von,
5.1
,
5.2

Bunau, Count

Butler, E. M.

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