I Can Hear You Whisper (37 page)

“
a breakthrough that shattered”
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 171.

Juan Pablo Bonet
:
Ibid.
, 167–171, and Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 86–94.

Epée's system
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 183–186; Lane,
When the Mind Hears,
36, 58–63; Marschark,
Raising and Educating a Deaf Child
, 71.

Epée prevailed upon the French state
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 187–188; Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 33.

Abbé Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 32–41; Wright,
Deafness
, 188.

twelve more similar schools . . . rose to sixty
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 64.

Jean Massieu
:
Ibid
.
, 17–23.

“
What is hope? . . . vigor of the mind”
:
Ibid., 22–23.

Johann Conrad Amman . . . and John Wallis
:
Ibid., 100–106.

“
The breath of life”
:
Ibid., p. 100. Wright,
Deafness
, 172–178.

Samuel Heinicke
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 186–187; Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 102–103 (taste technique, 103); Gabriel Grayson,
Talking with Your Hands, Listening with Your Eyes
(Garden City Park, NY: Square One, 2003), 3. Alexander Graham Bell Association website: www.listeningandspokenlanguage.org (the history page is no longer part of the website).

Heinicke sent Epée an extensive argument
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 186.

Oral versus manual: Ideas mentioned here are recounted in many places and were discussed in many interviews I did, but the early arguments are summarized in Wright,
Deafness
, xv–xvii, 207, 226–229, and contemporary arguments in Marschark,
Raising and Educating a Deaf Child
, 90–91, on the website of the American School for the Deaf at http://www.asd-1817.org/page.cfm?p=430, and on the AG Bell website at http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/Document.aspx?id=387.

Gallaudet
paid particular attention to
 . . . Alice Cogswell
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 173–176, and Edward Miner Gallaudet,
Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Founder of Deaf-Mute Instruction in America
, originally published by Henry Holt, 1888, reprinted by Forgotten Books, 2012, 46–57.

“
immediate and deep . . . instruct her”
:
Lewis Weld, Alice Cogswell's brother-in-law, quoted in Gallaudet,
Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
, 47–48.

Gallaudet set off for Britain
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 185–205; Gallaudet,
Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet,
57–110.

Oh! how this poor heathen people
:
Gallaudet, quoted in Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 196.

The American Asylum, the first school
:
See website of American School for the Deaf at http://www.asd-1817.org/page.cfm?p=429; Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 222 and 238; Wright,
Deafness
, 197.

Edward Miner Gallaudet
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 276–278; Edward Miner Gallaudet, “A History of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1912.

Mabel Hubbard
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 312–315; Charlotte Gray,
Reluctant Genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the Passion for Invention
(New York: Arcade, 2006), chap. 4; website of Clarke School at http://www.clarkeschools .org/about/welcome.

a grant of $50,000
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 320.

Alexander Graham Bell
:
In addition to sources named above, my main sources on Bell were Gray,
Reluctant Genius
(e-book, so chapters given rather than page numbers), and Edwin S. Grosvenor and Morgan Wesson,
Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone
(New York, Abrams, 1997).

Visible Speech
:
Gray,
Reluctant Genius
, chaps. 1–3; Wright,
Deafness
, 212–216.

George Sanders
:
Bell quoted in Grosvenor and Wesson,
Alexander Graham Bell
, 40.

Helmholtz's 1863 book
:
On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Study of Music,
4th ed., trans. A. J. Ellis (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1954).

Bell became convinced
:
Grosvenor and Wesson,
Alexander Graham Bell
, 47.

“
Mr. Watson, come here”
:
Ibid., 66; Gray,
Reluctant Genius
, chap. 8.

“
He came to his miracle”
:
Robert Bruce writing in the Foreword to Grosvenor and Wesson,
Alexander Graham Bell
.

at Hartford, Bell learned some sign language
:
Gray,
Reluctant Genius
, chap. 3, and Marc Marschark in introduction to “The Question of Sign-Language and the Utility of Signs in the Instruction of the Deaf: Two Papers by Alexander Graham Bell (1898),”
Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
10 no. 2 (2005): 111–121.

“
Only the intensity”
:
Gray,
Reluctant Genius
, chap. 3.

His mother initially objected to his marriage
:
Ibid., chap. 7.

“
When I was young”
:
Ibid., chap. 8.

his interest in heredity
:
Ibid., chap. 12; Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 353–361; Padden and Humphries,
Inside Deaf Culture
, 174–175.

“
He was not as clearly definite
”
:
Marc Marschark in introduction to “The Question of Sign-Language.”

conference of deaf educators in Milan
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 387–395; Wright,
Deafness
, 208–209.

deaf students in America being educated in the oral method
:
Padden and Humphries,
Inside Deaf Culture
, 48.

“
oralist tradition”
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 111.

“
The weather of the two worlds”
:
Wright,
Deafness
, 95.

“
If knowledge can be compared
”
:
Ibid., 69.

“
a commentary”
:
Ibid., 145.

CHAPTER 6: “MARVELOUS MECHANISM”

Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
:
Lane,
When the Mind Hears
, 132–134.

Hermann von Helmholtz
:
Rossing et al.,
Science of Sound
, 85, 128–129; Harvey Fletcher and H. D. Arnold,
Speech and Hearing
(New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1929), 118–119.

“With
one broad sweep”
:
Fletcher and Arnold,
Speech and Hearing
, xi.

Bell Laboratories
:
Jon Gertner,
The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation
(New York: Penguin, 2012); S. Millman, ed.,
A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Communication Sciences (1925–1980)
(Indianapolis: AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1984) 93–110.

Harvey Fletcher
:
Video of interview by Bruce Bogert circa 1963, at http://audi torymodels.org/jba/BOOKS_Historical/FletcherVideo/mpg/fletcher.mpg; Stephen H. Fletcher,
Harvey Fletcher 1884–1981: A Biographical Memoir
, (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1992) at http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/fletcher-harvey.pdf (
“
all there was to know
,”
; Jont B. Allen,
Articulation and Intelligibility
(San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool, 2005), 24–25; Jont B. Allen, “Harvey Fletcher's Role in the Creation of Communication Acoustics,”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
99 no. 4 (1996): 1825–1839.

“
accurately describe”
:
Fletcher and Arnold,
Speech and Hearing
, v.

“
The atmosphere of sounds”
:
Ibid., xi.

“
The processes of speaking and hearing”
:
From Harvey Fletcher,
Speech and Hearing in Communication
(Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1953), 1953 edition of the 1929 book.

“
readily interpreted by the eye”
:
Fletcher,
Speech and Hearing
, 26.

the perfection of this instrument
:
Ibid., 26–27.

“
farmers”
(vowel sounds, etc.):
Ibid., 29–63.

“
makes it possible”
:
Ibid., 49.

After World War II
:
A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System
, 104–106.

the audiometer
:
Fletcher,
Speech and Hearing
,
211–221.

created the decibel
:
Ibid., 68–69.

20 to 20,000 Hz
:
Ibid., 144.

whisper to a yell
:
Ibid., 69.

Thirty-Fourth Street and Sixth Avenue
:
Ibid., 106.

1939 World's Fair
:
Ibid., p. 97.

Alfred I. duPont
:
Joseph Frazier Wall,
Alfred I. DuPont: The Man and His Family
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 109.

According to
Fletcher
:
Harvey Fletcher 1884–1981, 175–176, and Bogert interview.

“
the first hearing aid”
:
Bogert interview.

Fletcher made hearing aids for Thomas Edison
:
Fletcher,
Harvey Fletcher 1884–1981
, 176–178.

Békésy's traveling wave
:
Author interview with Andrew Oxenham; Jürgen Tonndorf, “Georg von Békésy and his Work,”
Hearing Research
22 no.1–3 (1986): 3–10; Rossing et al.,
Science of Sound,
85-86; “Sound from Silence: The Development of Cochlear Implants,”
Beyond Discovery,
National Academy of Sciences.

After World War II
:
Tonndorf, “Georg von Békésy”: 4.

“
This space-time pattern”
:
Peter Dallos and Barbara Canlon, “Introduction to ‘Good Vibrations': A Special Issue to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Georg von Békésy,”
Hearing Research
293 no. 1–2 (2012): 1–2.

CHAPTER 7: WORD BY WORD

Speech production
:
Rossing et al.,
Science of Sound,
337–352; Author interview with David Poeppel.

causes of hearing loss
:
Waldman and Roush,
Your Child's Hearing Loss
, 29; Mark Almond and David J. Brown, “The Pathology and Etiology of Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Implications for Cochlear Implantation,” in Niparko, ed.,
Cochlear Implants: Principles & Practices
, 2nd ed., 43–81; Brad A. Stach and Virginia S. Ramachandran, “Hearing Disorders in Children,” and Heidi L. Rehm and Rebecca Madore, “Genetics of Hearing Loss,” in Jane R. Madell and Carol Flexer, eds.,
Pediatric Audiology: Diagnosis, Technology, and Management
(New York: Thieme, 2008), 3–24; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, at http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934680§ion=Causes.

CT scan
:
Medical News Today
, June 10, 2009, at http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153201.php.

Mondini dysplasia or Mondini deformity
:
Niparko, ed.,
Cochlear Implants: Principles & Practices
, 49; National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases Research, at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/8215/mondini-dysplasia/resources/1.

It was rare
:
The definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 200,000 people nationally: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/about-ordr/pages/31/frequently-asked-questions.