I Can Hear You Whisper (44 page)

and music, 307, 310–15

and the noise problem, 298–99

and oral system, 32, 79, 189

and reading, 267, 278

and sign language, 284–86, 294–95, 332–33

and social life, 209–10

surgery, 159–62

A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles (Stokoe, Croneberg, and Casterline), 113

dinner-table problem, 299

disability debate, 116, 177–79

discourse, 244

distraction, 247–51

Djourno, André, 92–93, 106

Dobelle, William, 155

Dolitsky, Jay

on cause of hearing loss, 85, 87

and fluid in Alex's ears, 10, 30

and initial concerns about Alex, 10

on precautions for Alex, 88

referral to Parisier, 121

and tubes for Alex, 30

on vulnerability of Alex's hearing, 88, 120

Dolnick, Edward, 177–78, 179

Dorman, Michael

on continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 218

on early implant research, 95

and localizing sounds, 305

optimism of, 306

and Sharma, 137

on turning electrodes off, 302–3

dorsal stream, 239

Dowell, Richard, 145, 174, 175

Doyle, Jim, 97–98, 102–3

Dr. Seuss books, 246, 269, 336

duPont, Alfred I., 74–75

dyslexia, 245, 268, 271, 276–77, 282

eardrum (tympanum), 26

earlobe (the pinna), 26

ear ossicles, 26

Eddington, Donald

on continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 217–18

development of implant, 155–56, 158

on normal hearing compared to implants, 297–98

on potential negative impacts, 219

Edison, Thomas, 75

education

in America, 59

and attention, 255

and Bell, 62–63

bilingual-bicultural approach in, 229

Clarke School, 61, 82–85, 122, 210–13, 286

classroom environments, 255

communication as central to, 20

early efforts in, 51–61, 62–63

education policy, 227–28

and Epée, 50–52

Head Start, 247, 249, 256

higher education, 61

mainstreaming in, 57, 187, 212, 213, 227–28

option schools, 14–15, 79

oral deaf education, 57, 58, 61, 64, 66–67, 110, 177, 185, 226, 227, 228

protests in schools, 116–19, 177–78, 186–89

total communication approach in, 228

underachievement in, 21–22,
188–89, 227

unsatisfactory state of, 228

Eisen, Marc, 89, 98, 106

electricity and hearing, early experimentation in, 90–92

electroencephalography (EEG),
135–36, 137, 275

Ellis Island, 327–28

Emmorey, Karen, 279, 282, 288, 289–90

“Emotional Bingo,” 257

employment and earning capacity, 22

English as a second language, 253–54

enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), 87–88

Epée, Charles-Michel de l', 50–52, 54, 57–58, 65, 68

Epley, John, 100

ethical considerations regarding implants, 174–75

evolution and hearing function, 203–4

executive function skills, 234–35

expressive language, 214

Eyriès, Charles, 92–93, 106

Far from the Tree (Solomon), 18, 177

Fast ForWord, 249

Fernandes, Jane, 186–87

Fiedor, Matt, 175, 222

figurative language, 229

Finley, Charles, 217, 301

Fleischer, Lawrence, 188

Fletcher, Harvey, 70–75, 154, 196, 298

Flourens, Jean Pierre, 236

fluency in language, 234–35, 271–72, 278–80

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 157, 158, 176, 179, 183

formants, 73

“fourth-grade slump,” 279

frequencies

and critical bandwidth concept, 154

and implanting of device, 167

and inner ear anatomy, 29–30

and range of hearing in humans, 27–28

technology to measure and produce, 72–73

transmission of, 101

fricatives (speech sounds), 81

frontal lobe, 271

Frost, Stephen, 267

functional localization, 237

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 136–37, 197, 241

fundamental frequency, 29

F0F2 speech processing program,
147, 148

Gage, Phineas, 237

Gallaudet, Edward, 60, 63

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, 58–60

Gallaudet University

accreditation issues, 188, 325–26

and American Sign Language (ASL), 281, 283, 285, 290

and Deaf culture, 317–22, 324–28, 329–30, 330–32

and Deaf President Now protests, 16, 116–19, 227, 322, 325

degree-conferring status of, 61

and Fernandes's appointment, 186–89

and reading research, 279

Galvani, Luigi, 90–91

Gannon, Jack, 109, 110, 111

Gaspard, Jean Marc, 68

Geers, Ann, 225–26

genetics, 86

Ghitza, Oded, 205–6

Gianni Schicchi (Puccini), 109, 111–12

Gifford, René, 302–3

Giraud, Anne-Lise, 277

Glennie, Evelyn, 311

Goldberg, Don, 224

The Goldberg Variations, 312

Goldin, Lisa, 167–69, 298–99

Golgi, Camillo, 197

Good Morning America, 219

Gopnik, Alison, 41–42

Goswami, Usha, 245–46, 269, 276–77, 313–14

Gould, Glenn, 312

Gould, R. Max, 177

grammar

and American Sign Language, 288–89, 321

and brain physiology, 200, 243

Graser, Charles “Chuck,” 102–4, 105, 106

Gray, Charlotte, 64

Greeks, 268

Greenberg, Steven, 205–6

hair cells, 27, 31, 203, 302

hammer (malleus), 26

“hard of hearing,” 18

harmonics (partials), 29

Hart, Betty, 39–41

Haskins Laboratories, 205, 267–69, 279, 282

Hauser, Peter, 223, 229, 232, 234–35, 322

Hays, David, 110, 111

Head Start, 247, 249, 256

hearing aids

of Alex, 78–79, 82, 84, 122, 170–71, 305, 339

and Bakke, 331

and cochlear implants (bimodal hearing), 170–71, 303–6, 310, 338

in conjunction with implant, 170–71

early models of, 75

functioning of, 94

and public address systems, 313

and sound processing in the brain, 194–95, 202

and speech, 241

and support networks, 336–38

and Swiller, 320, 329

“hearing impaired,” 18

“hearing loss,” 18

hearing screenings, 278

Heinicke, Samuel, 56–57

Helmholtz, Hermann von

on nature of perception, 200–201

Poeppel on, 197

resonance (or harp) theory of, 69

On the Sensations of Tone
, 63

hemispheres of the brain, 252, 271

Heppner, Cheryl, 179, 181

hertz (Hz), 27–28

Heschl's gyrus, 199

Hickok, Greg

and Bellugi's lab, 288

on expectations and perception, 202

language processing model
of, 239–41

on top-down processing, 254

Hiltermann, Bob, 311

Hirsch, Samuel, 111–12

Hlibok, Greg, 118, 178

Hochmair, Erwin, 157, 158

Hochmair, Ingeborg, 157

“home signs,” 52

Hong Kong International School, 339

House, Bill, 222, 331

House, John, 108

House, William

activations of implants, 167–69

background of, 96–97

and children, 175

and Clark, 142

criticisms of, 90, 106–8

and Eyriès and Djourno's early progress, 93, 95–96

and FDA approval, 157

first attempts at implants, 97–98

and Graser's implant, 102–4

and Karen's implant, 104–5

limitations of implants, 105–8

pioneering role of, 89–90

and Simmons, 101–2

single-channel implants of, 102–5, 140, 155, 157

House Ear Institute (later House Research Institute), 96, 155, 205

Howard University, 324–25

How Deaf Children Learn (Hauser), 232

H Street corridor, 330

Hubbard, Gardiner Greene, 61

Hubbard, Mabel, 61, 64

Hubel, David, 131–33, 134, 248

Humphries, Tom, 19, 52, 113, 115–16

Hurwitz, T. Alan, 325

Husted, Tracy, 175

identity of people with hearing loss, 18, 114–16

immittance testing, 28

Individuals with Disabilities and Education Act (IDEA), 228

Ineraid device, 156, 217, 218

Infant Cognition and Communication Laboratory at NYU, 43–44

infants, reading to, 277–78. See also children

inferior colliculus, 198

inferior frontal gyrus, 242

The Infinite Gift (Yang), 39

injuries, hearing loss from, 259–61

innate ability to learn language, 35–36, 41–42

inner ear, 76, 126–28

“inner hearing,” 311–12, 314–15

Innes-Brown, Hamish, 310

intelligence and IQs, 41, 52, 226

isofield, 194

Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard, 68, 77

James, Melody, 177, 183

Jenkins, William, 152–53

Johnson, Mordecai, 325

Johnson, Samuel, 52

Jordan, I. King, 118, 186, 188, 320

Kaas, Jon, 152

Kandel, Eric, 196, 203

Kannapell, Barbara, 289

Keller, Helen, 52

Kemp, David, 5

Kendall, Amos, 60, 317

Kennedy, Max, 218

Kiang, Nelson, 106

Klass, Perri, 292

Klima, Ed, 287, 289

Kolff, Willem, 155

Kuhl, Patricia, 41–42, 45

Lane, Harlan, 54, 66, 114–15,
183, 220

language acquisition and skills

and age of language acquisition, 251–54

behaviorists' approach to, 35

and cochlear implants, 212–16, 224–25, 244

difficulty of, 34–35

effect of age on, 37–39

expressive language, 214

fluency in language, 234–35, 271–72, 278–80

importance of, 20

innate ability to learn language, 35–36, 41–42

linguists' approach to, 35

neurobiology of, 42, 236–46,
240
, 251–54

and neuroplasticity, 250, 251–54

and patterns in language, 39

and prediction in language, 201–2

receptive language, 214

socioeconomic impacts on, 39–41

through patterns, 39

in utero, 39

See also
bilingualism

large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS), 87–88

larynx, 80–82

“late-deafened,” 18

lateral lemniscus, 198

League for the Hard of Hearing (later: Center for Hearing and Communication), 176

learning, human drive for, 41–42

Lee, Jerry, 117

Leekoff, Mark, 184, 222–23

Leigh, Irene, 327–28

Leonardo da Vinci, 68

Levine, Edna, 110

Levitin, Daniel, 29

lexical processing, 200, 243

Lexington School for the Deaf,
177–78, 328

Liberman, Alvin, 201, 268–69

Liberman, Isabelle, 268–69

Limb, Charles, 308–9

Ling, Daniel, 169

Ling sounds, 169

linguistic cues, 46

linguists, 34–35

lip reading, 65, 107

liquids (speech sounds), 81

literacy skills

bilingual-bicultural approach, 229

and brain physiology, 274–75

and cochlear implants, 282

and Cued Speech system, 228–29

underachievement in, 22

See also
language acquisition and skills

localization of sound, 199, 300–301, 305

Locke, John, 130

A Loss for Words (Walker), 114–15

low-frequency hearing, 31

magnetic fields, 192

magnetoencephalography (MEG), 191–96, 197

mainstreaming, 227–28

Mandarin Chinese, 274, 291–92

MAPping (Measurable Auditory Percept), 168

Marschark, Marc, 65, 224, 227, 229–32, 234–35, 281

Marshall, Angela, 144, 148–49

Martin, Lois, 149

Martin-Rhee, Michelle, 292

Massieu, Jean, 55, 58, 60

Matlin, Marlee, 116

Mattingly, Ignatius, 269

Mayberry, Rachel, 280

McCandliss, Bruce, 274

McDermott, Hugh, 147–48, 302

meaning of words, 46

MED-EL, 158

Meltzoff, Andrew, 41–42

Ménière's disease, 97

meningitis, 121, 183–84

Merzenich, Michael

background of, 151–52

on barriers to the market, 156–57

on brain plasticity, 151–52, 153, 155

development of implant, 150–55

on early implant research, 94

on House's design, 106

and Michelson, 107

on single-channel implants, 153–54

Merzenich, Mike, 247–50, 254

Methodical Signs, 54

Michelson, Robin, 106–7, 150, 151, 153–54

Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 188, 325

milestones in infants, 6–7, 31

Miller, Mary Beth, 112

Millikan, Robert, 70

modulation discrimination, 306

Molfese, Dennis, 275–76

Molfese, Victoria, 275

Molyneux, William, 130

Mondini dysplasia/deformity, 87

morphology, 242, 244–45

motor theory of speech perception, 201

multilingualism, 45–46, 253–54

music, 307–10, 312–16

Myers, Eugene, 107

National Association of the Deaf (NAD)

on American Sign Language, 291

cochlear implants position of,
22–23, 182–83, 319

on “hearing impaired” term, 18

National Deaf-Mute College, 61

National Institute for Deaf-Mutes, 54–55, 60

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 270

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 88

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 106–7, 125, 175, 217