Invisible Romans (56 page)
Authors: Robert C. Knapp
20. A slave is whipped. A portion of the Big Game Hunt, mosaic in the ambulatory of the Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy (3–4 CE). Villa del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
21. Slave at work. Roman mosaic from Carthage. Inv. MA1796. Photo: Hervé Lewandowski. Louvre, Paris, France. Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY
22. Slave collar. Iron collar with bronze plate. Imperial Rome, (4–6 CE). Museo Nazionale Romano nelle Terme di Diocleziano, Roma. Photo: Vanni/Art Resource, NY
23. A procuress. Fresco from Pompeii, 1 CE. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
24. Interior of Pompeian brothel. Photo: Fotografica Foglia. House of the Lupanare, Pompeii, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, NY
25. High-class prostitutes at a dinner. Fresco painting from the House of the Chaste Lovers, Pompeii. Photo courtesy of Michael Larvey su concessione del Minstero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali – Soprintendenze Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei
26. Aerial view of Coliseum, Rome. View into the structure. 72–80 CE. Coliseum, Rome, Italy. Photo: Alinari/Art Resource, NY
27. Amphitheater and riot in Pompeii. Fresco from Pompeii. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
28. Contest in the arena. Mosaic with a scene of fighting gladiators, detail of a gladiator clad in armor. Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy. Photo: Scala/Art Resource, NY
29. Arena contests and prize money. The Costly ‘munus’ (Public Show and Gift) offered by Magerius. Roman mosaic, from El Djem, Smirat (near Moknine). Museum, Sousse, Tunisia. Photo:© Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, NY
30. Contests in the arena. Found on the Via Appia, outside Rome. Now mosaic no. 3600, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid
INDEX
A
abortion,
262
aediles: election of,
50
–1
Aelian,
116
slave origins,
127
;
see also Life of Aesop
amulets
see
charms and amulets
Apollonius of Tyana,
88
,
92
,
95
,
120
,
136
,
298
Apuleius:
The Golden Ass:
on slaves,
8
,
127
–8,
132
–5,
145
,
155
,
166
on businessmen,
10
on women’s use of magic,
15
on male domination,
29
on travel,
32
mocks justice,
34
on thieves and stealing,
36
,
39
,
41
on stoning of criminals,
40
on festivals,
42
on baths,
44
on widows,
74
on wife abuse,
77
on sorceresses,
88
on freedmen,
181
,
191
on soldier abuse,
214
on selling into prostitution,
245
as source,
293
,
318
on outlaws and bandits,
296
–7,
301
–3,
305
–8,
310
,
312
–13
archaeology: as source,
323
arenas (gladiatorial),
265
–6
Aretaeus of Cappadocia,
288
art: as source,
322
–3
Artemidorus:
Interpretation of Dreams:
on status of artisans,
10
authorship,
17
on human anxieties,
19
–27
on sexual practice,
29
–30,
32
,
58
–9
on criminals,
33
,
36
on law,
35
–6
on quarrels and violence,
39
on public baths,
46
on women,
54
,
59
–60
on marriage,
62
,
66
–7
on stillborn births,
72
on wife abuse,
77
on women in business,
86
on the poor,
97
on slaves,
166
–7,
197
on freedmen,
181
on soldiers’ career,
200
,
211
,
218
,
228
–9
on seeing prostitute,
243
–4,
258
on unnatural sex acts,
257
on gladiators,
279
as source,
319
Artemis, Temple of (Ephesus),
18
associations: role,
43
women in,
88
freedmen and slaves in,
146
of soldiers,
208
–9
astrology,
17
Athenaeus,
135
Atta, T. Quinctilius:
Aquae Calidae,
252
Augustales,
190
Augustine, St.,
76
,
130
,
132
,
134
,
272
Confessions,
143
Augustus Caesar (earlier Octavian), Roman Emperor,
28
,
216
–18,
220
,
225
,
300
Aurelia Ammonarion,
58
Aurelia Philematio,
54
–5,
62
,
188
Aurelia Thaisous,
59
Aurelius Hermia, Lucius,
54
–5,
62
,
188
B
Babrius: as source,
320
Fables,
104
,
108
–11,
113
–24
Bagnall, Roger,
322
bandits: defined,
290
–3
soldiers as,
294
as entrepreneurs,
295
social organization,
305
see also
outlaws
baths: as social venues,
43
–7
as haunt of whores,
251
–2
beggars,
100
Britain: poor in,
103
brothels,
240
,
247
–8;
see also
prostitutes and prostitution
Bulla Felix (bandit chief),
293
–4,
296
,
298
,
301
,
304
–5
burial: of poor,
101
–2
of slaves,
143
of freedmen,
194
of gladiators,
285
–6
business: and honesty,
11
slaves and,
152
–7
freedmen and,
176
–7
C
Caligula, Roman Emperor (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus),
238
–9
Callistratus,
305
Calycadnus Valley, Cilicia,
290
cannibalism: among outlaws,
313
Catullus,
66
Catussa, Pompeius,
47
Celsus,
288
Chanyanov, Alexander,
111
Chariton of Aphrodisias:
Chaereas and Callirhoe,
298
,
308
charms and amulets,
13
–15,
91
–2;
see also
magic
children: as cause for concern,
5
and marriage,
27
,
59
–60,
70
mortality,
59
,
70
exposure and abandonment,
70
–1
health,
72
–3
as bond in family,
91
of freedmen,
189
–90
of soldiers,
220
–1
in prostitution,
237
and infanticide,
263
chlamydia (genital herpes),
263
Cicero: on craftsmen,
10
on divination,
16
and sharing,
56
employs Tiro as slave and freedman,
174
on outlaws,
306
,
308
–9
Claudius, Roman Emperor,
285
Clement, St.,
64
Coliseum, Rome,
165
Collectio Augustana,
112
Columella,
133
,
152
,
154
,
161
,
164
–6,
319
condylomas (genital warts),
263
Constantine, Roman Emperor,
163
contraception,
262
courtesans,
238
craftsmen: status,
10
–11
crime,
36
;
see also
punishments;
theft
criminals: as gladiators,
266
in society,
292
Cronos (titan),
114
Crook, John:
Law and Life of Rome,
320
crucifixion,
304
–5
Cynics,
106
D
D’Arms, John,
318
death,
19
–20;
see also
burial
debt,
23
decurial order,
3
Defoe, Daniel,
310
Demetrius (silversmith),
18
Dickens, Charles:
The Chimes,
117
Diodemos (of Alexandria),
244
–5
Diogenes,
127
Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
175
disease: as cause for worry,
20
–1
see also
sexually transmitted diseases
Domitian, Roman Emperor,
224
,
233
,
252
Dorotheus of Sidon:
Carmen Astrologicum:
on artisans,
11
authorship,
17
,
24
on human anxieties,
19
–21,
23
–6
on homosexual acts,
30
on marriage,
60
,
64
on poverty,
97
on runaway slaves,
158
on freeing of slaves,
166
as source,
319
dreams: interpretation,
16
,
72
;
see also
Artemidorus
dress: women’s,
57
–8
drunkenness: view of,
12
Duff, A.M.,
172
E
education: popular view of,
49
Egypt: households,
74
–5
women’s lack of occupations,
85
poor in,
104
slaves in,
155
–7,
159
,
163
,
166
,
168
–9
prostitutes in,
241
–2,
260
outlaws,
306
as part of Roman world,
322
elections (political),
50
–2
Empiricus, Marcellus,
13
Epicureans,
106
executions,
42
exile,
32
–3
F
fables: and moral values,
101
–4,
107
–11
and the poor and weak,
111
–19,
122
–4
and Fate,
113
on justice,
120
–1
on slaves and slavery,
128
as source,
320