Iron Curtain (85 page)

25.
Ivo Banac, ed.,
The Diary of Georgi Dmitrov,
1933
–
1949
(New Haven and London, 2003), p. 14.

26.
Tony Judt and Timothy Snyder,
Thinking the Twentieth Century
(London, 2012), p. 190.

27.
Tomasz Goban-Klas,
The Orchestration of the Media: The Politics of Mass Communications in Communist Poland and the Aftermath
(Boulder, 1994), p. 54.

28.
The communist party of Yugoslavia remained more popular than the others for many years, but this was at least partly because it eventually broke away from Soviet influence.

29.
One exception, and the standard work for many years, was Zbigniew Brzezinski’s
The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict
(New York, 1967).

30.
Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism
, pp. 480–81.

31.
See Timothy Snyder,
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
(New York, 2011); Jan Gross, “War as Revolution,” in Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii, eds.,
The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe,
1944–1949
(Boulder, 1997); Bradley Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,”
East European Politics and Societies
, 16, 3, pp. 623–25.

32.
See the work of the Harvard Project on Cold War Studies, as well as the Wilson Center’s Cold War International History Project. Good recent surveys that use new archives include John Lewis Gaddis,
The Cold War: A New History
(New York, 2005); Vojtech Mastny,
The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years
(Oxford, 1996); Melvyn P. Leffler,
For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War
(New York, 2007). See also Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, “Bibliographical Essay,” in
Cambridge History of the Cold War
, vol. 1:
Origins
(Cambridge, 2010).

33.
Andrzej Paczkowski and Krystyna Kersten have written multiple works on the period. In English see Andrzej Paczkowski,
The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
(New York, 2003), and Krystyna Kersten,
The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland,
1943
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1991). See also Norman Naimark,
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation,
1945
–
1949
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995); Peter Kenez,
Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary,
1944
–
1948
(New York, 2006); László Borhi,
Hungary in the Cold War,
1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union
(New York, 2004); Karel Kaplan,
The Short March: The Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–48
(New York, 1987). Bradley Adams,
The Struggle for the Soul of the Czech Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism
(New York, 2005); Mary Heimann,
Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed
(New Haven, 2009).

34.
John Connelly,
Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education,
1945
–
1956
(Chapel Hill, 1999). Catherine Epstein,
The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and Their Century
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2003). Marci Shore,
Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw Generation’s Life and Death in Marxism,
1918
–
1968
(New Haven, 2006). Maria Schmidt,
Battle of Wits
, trans. Ann Major (Budapest, 2007). Martin Mevius,
Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism
1941
–
1953
(Oxford, 2005). Mark Kramer, “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal–External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making,” parts 1–3,
Journal of Cold War Studies
1, 1 (Winter 1999), 3–55; 1, 2 (Spring 1999), 3–38; and 1, 3 (Fall 1999), 3–66.

35.
T. V. Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaia Evropa v dokumentakh rossiskikh arkhivov
,
1944–1953
(Moscow and Novosibirsk, 1997), and T. V. Volokitina et al., eds.,
Sovetskii Faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope,
1944
–
1953
(Moscow, 1999).

1.
Támas Lossonczy,
The Vision Is Always Changing
(Budapest, 2004), p. 82.

2.
William Shirer,
End of a Berlin Diary
(New York, 1947), p. 131.

3.
Marcin Zaremba,
Wielka Trwoga: Polska
1944
–
1947
,
Ludowa reakeja na kryzys
(Warsaw, 2012), p. 71 (page numbers come from the prepublication manuscript).

4.
Anonymous,
A Woman in Berlin
, trans. Philip Boehm (London, 2006), pp. 64–66.

5.
Krisztián Ungváry,
The Siege of Budapest:
100
Days in World War
II
(New York, 2005), pp. 324–25.

6.
Władysław Szpilman,
The Pianist
(London, 1999), p. 183.

7.
Bradley Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,”
East European Politics and Societies
, 16, 3, pp. 623–25.

8.
Heda Margolius Kovály,
Under a Cruel Star
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986), p. 39.

9.
Anonymous,
Woman in Berlin
, p. 297.

10.
Zaremba,
Wielka Trwoga
, p. 71.

11.
Ibid., pp. 6–7.

12.
Stefan Kisielewski, “Ci z Warszawy,”
Przekroj
6, 5, 1945.

13.
Sándor Márai,
Portraits of a Marriage
, trans. George Szirtes (New York, 2011), p. 272.

14.
Arthur Marwick,
War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century
(London, 1974), pp. 98–145.

15.
Timothy Snyder,
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
(New York, 2010), p. 19.

16.
Ibid., pp. viii–ix.

17.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin,
1945
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1998), pp. 8–9.

18.
Andrew Roberts,
Masters and Commanders
(London, 2008), pp. 561 and 569.

19.
Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,” p. 631; also Iván T. Berend and Tamás Csató,
Evolution of the Hungarian Economy,
1848
–
1998
, vol. I (Boulder, 2001), p. 253.

20.
The most recent calculations of German war dead include 5,318,000 military deaths (Rudiger Overmans,
Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
[Munich, 2004], p. 260); the rest are civilians who died of starvation or illness, during deportation and expulsion, or during bombing raids.

21.
Janusz Wrobel, “Bilans Okupacji Niemieckiej w Łodzi 1939–45,” in
Rok
1945
w Łodzi
, pp. 13–30.

22.
A few years ago, my husband received a letter from a German, born in the Baltic region, whose family had been given what is now our Polish country house to inhabit during the war. Enclosed was a photograph of his smiling German parents, dressed in jodphurs as if about to go riding, sitting on the front steps of our house, which is situated in what is now central Poland. He remembered the property being very run-down, and noted that his father had worked hard to put it back into working order. He hoped his family was remembered positively by people living in the area. In truth, they are not remembered at all.

23.
Jan Gross, “War as Revolution,” in Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii, eds.,
The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe,
1944
–
1949
(Boulder, 1997), p. 23.

24.
Krystyna Kersten,
The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland,
1943
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1991), p. 165.

25.
M. C. Kaser and E. A. Radice,
The Economic History of Eastern Europe, 1919–1945
, vol. II:
Interwar Policy, the War and Reconstruction
(Oxford, 1986), pp. 466–72.

26.
Iván Pető and Sándor Szakács,
A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története, 1945–1985,
vol. I.
Az újjáépítés és a tervutasításos irányítás időszaka.
1945
–
1968
(Budapest, 1985), pp. 17–25.

27.
Berend and Csató,
Evolution of the Hungarian Economy
, pp. 254–55.

28.
Kaser and Radice,
Economic History of Eastern Europe
, vol. II, pp. 504–6.

29.
Janusz Kalinski and Zbigniew Landau,
Gospodarka Polski w
XX
wieku
, pp. 159–89.

30.
Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,” p. 634.

31.
Kaser and Radice,
Economic History of Eastern Europe
, vol. II, pp. 338–39.

32.
Ibid., pp. 299–308.

33.
Jan Gross, “The Social Consequences of War: Preliminaries to the Study of the Imposition of Communist Regimes in East Central Europe,”
Eastern European Politics and Societies
, 3, 2 (Spring 1989), pp. 198–214; Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,” pp. 623–64; Kalinski and Landau,
Gospodarka Polski w
XX
wieku
, pp. 159–89.

34.
Abrams, “The Second World War and the East European Revolution,” p. 639.

35.
Czesław Miłosz,
The Captive Mind
, trans. Jane Zielonko (London, 2001), pp. 26–29.

36.
Márai,
Portraits of a Marriage
, p. 272.

37.
Zaremba,
Wielka Trwoga
, pp. 221–52.

38.
Ibid.

39.
Interview with Csaba Skultéty, Budapest, March 12, 2009.

40.
Zaremba,
Wielka Trwoga
, p. 87.

41.
Ibid., p. 273.

42.
Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
(New York and Cleveland, 1958), pp. 322–23.

43.
Karta, Lucjan Grabowski, II/1412.

44.
Interview with Tadeusz Konwicki, Warsaw, September 17, 2009.

45.
Hanna Świda-Ziemba,
Urwany Lot
:
Pokolenie inteligenckiej młodzie˙zy powojennej w
świetle listów i pami˛etników z lat
1945
–
1948
(Kraków, 2003), pp. 30–50.

46.
Quoted in Anna Bikont and Joanna Szcz˛esna,
Lawina i Kamienie: Pisarze wobec Komunizmu
(Warsaw, 2006), pp. 69–79.

47.
Interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, December 7, 2006.

48.
Miłosz,
The Captive Mind
, pp. 26–29.

49.
Martin Gilbert, “Churchill and Poland,” unpublished lecture delivered at the University of Warsaw, February 16, 2010. With thanks to Martin Gilbert.

50.
Peter Grose,
Operation Rollback
(New York, 2000), p. 2.

51.
Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation
(New York, 1987), p. 85.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Gilbert, “Churchill and Poland.”

54.
A good analysis of this is in Antoni Z. Kamiński and Bartłomiej Kamiński, “Road to ‘People’s Poland’: Stalin’s Conquest Revisted,” in Vladimir Tismaneanu, ed.,
Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of the Communist Regimes in East Central Europe and the Dynamics of the Soviet
Bloc
(New York and Budapest, 2009), pp. 205–11; also Roberts,
Masters and Commanders
, pp. 548–58.

55.
Winston Churchill,
The Second World War
, vol. VI:
Triumph and Tragedy
(London, 1985), p. 300.

56.
Robert Service,
Comrades
(London, 2007), p. 220.

57.
Ibid., p. 222.

58.
The original drafts and the final version of Operation Unthinkable can be seen at
http://web.archive.org/web/20101116152301/
http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2
.

59.
Stanisław Mikołajczyk,
The Rape of Poland
(New York, 1948), p. 60.

60.
László Borhi,
Hungary in the Cold War,
1945
–
1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union
(New York and Budapest, 2004), p. 36.

61.
Mikołajczyk,
Rape of Poland
, p. 25.

62.
John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev,
Spies: The Rise and Fall of the
KGB
(New Haven, 2009), pp. 20–26.

63.
Roberts,
Masters and Commanders
, p. 556.

64.
Hubertus Knabe,
17
.
Juni
1953
—
Ein deutscher Aufstand
(Berlin, 2004), pp. 402–6.

65.
Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne, and János Rainer, eds.,
The
1956
Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents
(Budapest and New York, 2002), p. 209.

66. Borhi,
Hungary in the Cold War
, p. 21.

1.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin: Diaries,
1945
–
1948
(New York, 1990), p. 36.

2.
George Kennan,
Memoirs:
1925
–
1950
(New York, 1967), p. 74.

3.
John Lukacs,
1945:
Year Zero
(New York, 1978), p. 256.

4.
Interview with Lutz Rackow, Berlin, April 1, 2008.

5.
Christel Panzig,
Wir schalten uns ein: Zwischen Luftschutzkeller und Stalinbild, Stadt und Region Wittenberg
1945
(Lutherstadt Wittenberg, 2005), pp. 40–42.