Iron Curtain (95 page)

15.
Interview with Michał Bauer, Warsaw, June 18, 2007.

16.
Andrzej Panufnik,
Composing Myself
(London, 1987), p. 183.

17.
David Pike,
The Politics of Culture in Soviet-Occupied Germany,
1945
–
1949
(Stanford, 1992), p. 365.

18.
Jacek Trznadel,
Hańba Domowa
(Paris, 1986).

19.
Panufnik,
Composing Myself
, p. 191.

20.
A similar campaign was launched in France. See André Heynal, “Die ungarische Psychoanalyse unter totalitären Regimen,” in Ágnes Berger et al.,
Psychoanalyse hinter dem Eisernen Vorhang
(Frankfurt, 2010), pp. 27–49.

21.
Pál Hermat,
Freud, Ferenczi és a magyarországi pszichoanalízis
(Budapest, 1994), pp. 393–440.

22.
Ferenc Erős, “Psychoanalysis and Cultural Memory,” paper presented at the symposium “Psychoanlaysis Behind the Iron Curtain,” Collegium Hungaricum, Berlin, November 15–16, 2008.

23.
Hermat,
Freud
, pp. 393–440.

24.
Interview with György Hidas, Budapest, March 12, 2009.

25.
Heynal, “Die ungarische Psychoanalyse.”

26.
Interview with Judit Mészáros, Budapest, April 20, 2009.

27.
Interview with Antoni Rajkiewicz, Warsaw, June 3, 2007.

28.
Interview with Piotr Paszkowski, Warsaw, May 22, 2012.

29.
Interview with Fedorowicz.

30.
Interview with Karol Modzelewski, Warsaw, April 28, 2009.

31.
Interview with Krzysztof Pomian, Warsaw, May 2, 2008.

32.
Interview with Morawski.

33.
John Connelly,
Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education
1945
–
1956
(Chapel Hill and London, 2000), pp. 216–17.

34.
Interview with Iván Vitányi, Budapest, January 2009.

35.
Interview with Elfriede Brüning, Berlin, November 28 and December 5, 2006.

36.
Elfriede Brüning,
Und außerdem war es mein Leben
(Berlin, 2004), pp. 342–45.

37.
Ibid., p. 398.

38.
Elfriede Brüning,
Lästige Zeugen: Tonbandgespräche mit Opfern der Stalinzeit
(Halle, 1990).

39.
Leopold Tyrmand, “Sprawa Piaseckiego,”
Swiat
(November 18, 1956).

40.
Jan Engelgard,
Wielka Gra Bolesława Piaseckiego
(Warsaw, 2008), p. 7.

41.
Andrzej Jaszczuk,
Ewolucja Ideowa Bolesława Piaseckiego
(Warsaw, 2005), pp. 27–28, 56–57.

42.
Engelgard,
Wielka Gra Bolesława Piaseckiego
, pp. 66–67.

43.
Mikołaj Stanisław Kunicki, “The Polish Crusader: The Life and Politics of Bolesław Piasecki, 1915–1979,” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, June 2004, pp. 196–203.

44.
Czesław Miłosz,
Zdobycie Władzy
(Olsztyn, 1990), pp. 138–39.

45.
Engelgard,
Wielka Gra Bolesława Piaseckiego
, p. 85.

46.
Ibid., p. 218.

47.
Interview with Janusz Zabłocki, Warsaw, June 19, 2009.

48.
Kunicki, “The Polish Crusader,” pp. 241–43.

49.
This is certainly the belief of Piasecki’s family. Conversation with Ładysław Piasecki, Warsaw, February 17, 2012.

50.
Interview with Zabłocki.

51.
Interview with Leopold Unger, Brussels, March 21, 2009.

52.
Interview with Alexander Jackowski, Warsaw, May 15, 2007.

53.
SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NY 421/ 5/53, pp. 263–74.

54.
Klaus Polkehn,
Das war die Wochenpost: Geschichte und Geschichten einer Zeitung
(Berlin, 1997), p. 7.

55.
Interview with Klaus Polkehn, Berlin, October 20, 2006.

1.
György Faludy,
My Happy Days in Hell
, trans. Kathleen Szasz (London, 2010), p. 207.

2.
Celina Budzyńska,
Krytyka i Samokrytyka
(Warsaw, 1954), p. 44.

3.
Daily Worker
, November 20, 1950, p. 2; see also Phillip Deery, “The Dove Flies East: Whitehall, Warsaw and the 1950 World Peace Congress,”
Australian Journal of Politics and History
(December 2002).

4.
Sheffield Telegraph
, November 19, 1950; also Deery, “The Dove Flies East.”

5.
Stiftung Aufarbeitung, Archiv Unterdruckter Literatur, Edeltraude Eckert file.

6.
Joanna Kochanowicz,
ZMP
w Terenie
(Warsaw, 2000), pp. 85–102.

7.
John Rodden,
Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education,
1945
–
1995
(New York, 2002).

8.
Maciej Chłopek,
Bikiniarze. Pierwsza polska subkultura
(Warsaw, 2005), pp. 69–75; Sándor Horváth, “Hooligans, Spivs and Gangs: Youth Subcultures in the 1960s,” in János M. Rainer and György Péteri, eds.,
Muddling Through in the Long
1960s: Ideas and Everyday Life in High Politics and the Lower Classes of Communist Hungary
, Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies 16 (May 2005), pp. 199–223.

9.
Chłopek,
Bikiniarze
, p. 101; also Kathy Peiss,
Zoot Suit: The Enigmatic Career of an Extreme Style
(Philadelphia, 2011), p. 179.

10.
Leopold Tyrmand,
Dziennik
1954
(London 1980), pp. 138–40.

11.
Horváth, “Hooligans, Spivs and Gangs.”

12.
Chłopek,
Bikiniarze
, p. 30.

13.
Ibid., pp. 142–43.

14.
Jacek Kuroń,
Wiara i wina. Do i od komunizmu
(Wrocław, 1995), p. 54.

15.
See Sándor Horváth, “Myths of the Great Tree Gang: Constructing Urban Spaces and Youth Culture in Socialist Budapest,” in Joanna Herbert and Richard Rodger, eds.,
Testimony of the City: Identity, Community and Change in a Contemporary Urban World
(Aldershot, 2007), pp. 73–93; also Horváth, “Hooligans, Spivs and Gangs.”

16.
Interview with Krzysztof Pomian, Warsaw, May 2, 2008.

17.
Chłopek,
Bikiniarze
, pp. 130–35.

18.
Kuroń,
Wiara i wina
, pp. 54–55.

19.
Toby Thacker, “The Fifth Column: Dance Music in the Early German Republic,” in Patrick Major and Jonathan Osmond, eds.,
The Workers’ and Peasants’ State
(Manchester, 2002), pp. 227–39.

20.
Interview with Erich Loest, Leipzig, December 12, 2006.

21.
AdK ABK, Arnold Zweig, V.

22.
Thacker, “The Fifth Column,” pp. 227–39.

23.
Interview with Marta Stebnicka, Kraków, February 25, 2009.

24.
For a good, informal analysis of communist humor, see Ben Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle
(London, 2009). A short version is available in “Hammer and Tickle,”
Prospect
122 (May 20, 2006).

25.
Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle
, p. 11.

26.
The jokes in this section come from various people and sources. I’d like to thank Piotr Paszkowski for compiling them.

27.
PIL, 286.23, p. 122.

28.
AAN, Ministerstwo Oswiaty 346, p. 16.

29.
Milan Kundera,
The Joke
(London, 1992).

30.
See Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle
, p. 132.

31.
Jenő Randé and János Sebestyén,
Azok a rádiós évtizedek
(Budapest, 1995), pp. 146–48.

32.
Ulenspiegel: Literatur, Kunst, Satire
, vols. II (1947) and III (1948). A conversation with the art historian Peter Pachnicke underlies this discussion of Herbert Sandberg.

33.
SAPMO-BA, DY 30/IV 2.9.06/23.

34.
Lewis,
Hammer and Tickle
, p. 11.

35.
Interview with Józef Puciłowski, Kraków, March 24, 2009.

36.
Interview with Hans-Jochen Tschiche, Satuelle, November 18, 2006.

37.
Karta, Memoir Archives, 7/IV.

38.
Jan Ziółek and Agnieszka Przytuła,
Represje wobec uczestników wydarzeń
w Katedrze Lubelskiej w
1949
roku
(Lublin, 1999); see also Agnieszka Przytuła, “Skazani za wiar˛e w cud,” unpublished manuscript, available at
http://tnn.pl/pamie.php
.

39.
Karta, Memoir Archives, 7/IV.

40.
Rudolf Ilona Sántháné, unpublished manuscript.

41.
Interview with Halina Bortnowska, Warsaw, February 5, 2006.

42.
Dariusz Stola,
Kraj bez Wyjścia? Migracje z Polski
1949
–
1989
(Warsaw, 2010), p. 27.

43.
William E. Stacy, “US Army Border Operations in Germany 1945–1983” (HQ US Army, Europe and 7th Army, 2002), available at
http://www.history.army.mil/documents/BorderOps/content.htm
.

44.
Edith Sheffer, “On Edge: Building the Border in East and West Germany,”
Central European History
40 (2007), pp. 307–33.

45.
Stacy, “US Army Border Operations in Germany.”

46.
Corey Ross, “Before the Wall: East Germans, Communist Authority and the Mass Exodus to the West,”
The Historical Journal
45, 2 (2002), p. 459; also Frederick Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
(New York, 2006), p. 77.

47.
Interview with Herta Kuhrig, Berlin, November 21, 2006.

48.
Ross, “Before the Wall,” pp. 465–77.

1.
Bertolt Brecht, 
Poems
1913
–
1956
, John Willett and Ralph Manheim, eds. (Methuen, 1976), p. 440.

2.
In fact Stalin had died on March 5 having probably had a stroke early in the morning of March 1, but his death was not announced to the public until the following day.

3.
Mark Allinson,
Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany
1945
–
68
(Manchester, 2000), pp. 52–54.

4.
See the photographs in the collection of the Open Society Archives, at
http://www.osaarchivum.org/galeria/​05031953/sect06/index.html
.

5.
Life
magazine published all of their photographs, March 23, 1953, pp. 33–35.

6.
Amy Knight,
Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant
(Princeton, 1995), p. 182.

7.
Mark Kramer, “The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal–External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making,”
Journal of Cold War Studies
1, 1 (Winter 1999), pp. 18–21.

8.
Ibid., p. 17; also Christian Ostermann, ed.,
Uprising in East Germany 1953: The Cold War, the German Question, and the First Major Upheaval Behind the Iron Curtain
(Budapest and New York, 2001), pp. 86–90 (many of these documents are also available at
http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org)
.

9.
Ostermann, ed.,
Uprising in East Germany 1953
, pp. 10–101.

10.
Kramer, “Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggles,” p. 17.

11.
Ibid., p. 23.

12.
Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne, and János Rainer, eds.,
The
1956
Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents
(Budapest and New York, 2002), pp. 15–20.

13.
Charles Gati,
Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the
1956
Hungarian Revolt
(Stanford and Washington, 2006), pp. 32–40.

14.
Imre Nagy,
On Communism: In Defense of the New Course
(New York, 1957), p. 176.

15.
Kramer, “Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggles,” p. 31.

16.
Interview with Lutz Rackow, Berlin, April 1, 2008.

17.
Interviews with Erich Loest, Leipzig, December 12, 2006, and Elfriede Brüning, Berlin, November 28 and December 5, 2006.

18.
Interview with Egon Bahr, Berlin, October 26, 2006.

19.
Rudolf Herrnstadt
, Das Herrnstadt-Dokument: das Politbüro der
SED
und die Geschichte des
17
.
Juni
1953
(Hamburg, 1990), p. 85; also Hubertus Knabe,
17 Juni 1953—Ein deutscher Aufstand
(Berlin, 2004), p. 302.

20.
Interview with Loest.

21.
Ibid. Also Erich Loest,
Durch die Erde ein Riss: Ein Lebenslauf
(Hamburg, 1981), pp. 196–207; on why the Volkspolizei were absent, see Hubertus Knabe,
17
Juni
1953
—
Ein deustscher Aufstand
(Berlin, 2004), p. 318.

22.
Interview with Karl-Heinz Arnold, Berlin, November 3, 2006.

23.
Interview with Hans-Walter Bendzko, Berlin, April 2, 2008.

24.
Volker Koop explains the different sources and numbers in
Der
17. Juni
1953—Legende und Wirklichkeit
(Berlin, 2003).

25.
Ibid., p. 343.

26.
Knabe,
17
Juni
1953
, p. 83. This is more people than in the protests in East Germany in October 1989.

27.
Interview with Bahr.

28.
SAPMO-BA, DY 30/IV 2/1/121, pp. 35–39.

29.
Ostermann, ed.,
Uprising in East Germany
1953
, p. 186.

30.
Mary Fulbrook,
Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the
GDR,
1949
–
89
 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 155–61.

31.
Interview with Günter Schabowski, Berlin, December 7, 2006.