Iron Curtain (93 page)

78.
ABTL, O-8511, pp. 1–9.

1.
Gyula Schöpflin,
Szélkiáltó
(Budapest, 1985), p. 62.

2.
Alexander Zinoviev,
Homo Sovieticus
, trans. Charles Janson (Boston, 1986).

3.
Freien Deutschen Jugend und des Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus beim Zentralkommitee der SED,
Partei und Jugend: Dokumente marxistischer-leninistischer Jugendpolitik
(East Berlin, 1986), p. 326.

4.
Ulrich Mählert,
Die Freie Deutsche Jugend
1945
–
1949
(Paderborn, 1995), p. 34.

5.
Heinz-Hermann Krüger and Winfried Marotzki, “Pädagogik und Erziehungsalltag in der DDR: Zwischen Systemvorgaben und Pluralität,” in
Studien zur Erziehungswissenschaft und Bildungsforschung
2 (Opladen, 1994), p. 195.

6.
See, for example, Janusz Korczak,
Ghetto Diary
(New Haven, 2003); see also
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/korczak.html
.

7.
A. S. Makarenko,
The Road to Life
, vol. II, trans. Ivy and Tatiana Litvinov (Moscow, 1951), p. 206.

8.
Leonore Ansorg,
Kinder im Klassenkampf: Die Geschichte der Pionierorganisation von
1948
bis Ende der fünfziger Jahre
(Berlin, 1997), pp. 30–40.

9.
Marta Brodala, “Propaganda dla Najmłodszych w Latach 1948–1956,” in
Przebudowac Człowieka
(Warsaw, 2001), p. 21.

10.
Ibid., pp. 58–63.

11.
Ibid., p. 57.

12.
Alex Wedding,
Die Fahne des Pfeiferhansleins
(Berlin, 1953), pp. 231–32.

13.
Radek Sikorski,
Full Circle: A Homecoming to Free Poland
(New York, 1997), p. 37.

14.
AAN, Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej, 230, pp. 1–7.

15.
Rafal Stobiecki,
Historiografia
PRL
(Warsaw, 2007), p. 73.

16.
Siegfried Baske and Martha Engelbert,
Dokumente zur Bildungspolitik in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone
(Berlin, 1966), p. 87.

17.
Ibid., pp. 4–8.

18.
Frederick Taylor,
Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany
(London, 2011), p. 327.

19.
AAN, MEN 598, p. 1.

20.
Ibid., MEN 587, pp. 4–8.

21.
Ibid., MEN 592, pp. 21–26.

22.
Ibid., MEN 588, p. 495.

23.
Ibid., MEN 241, pp. 5–15.

24.
Baske and Engelbert,
Dokumente zur Bildungspolitik
, p. 26.

25.
AAN, MEN 238, p. 22.

26.
John Connelly,
Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education
1945
–
1956
(Chapel Hill and London, 2000), p. 97.

27.
Ibid., p. 43.

28.
Ibid., p. 71.

29.
Ibid., p. 135.

30.
Ibid., p. 84.

31.
Ibid., p. 178.

32.
Partei und Jugend
, p. 345.

33.
Andrzej Gawryszewski,
Ludnosc Polski w
XX
wieku
(Warsaw, 2005), pp. 328–29.

34.
Interview with Eugeniusz Mroczowski, Warsaw, May 25, 2007.

35.
Connelly,
Captive University
, p. 228.

36.
Ibid., pp. 235, 252.

37.
Bartosz Cichocki and Krzyzstof Józwiak,
Najwa˙zniejsze s˛a
Kadry: Centralna Szkoła Partyjna
PPR
/
PZPR
(Warsaw, 2006), pp. 68–80.

38.
Connelly,
Captive University
, p. 239.

39.
Ibid., pp. 246–47.

40.
James Mark, “Discrimination, Opportunity, and Middle-Class Success in Early Communist Hungary,”
The Historical Journal
48, 2 (June 2005), p. 506.

41.
Interview with Krzysztof Pomian, Warsaw, May 2, 2008.

42.
Interview with Erich Loest, Leipzig, December 12, 2006.

43.
Conversation with Piotr Paszkowski, Warsaw, May 2012.

44.
Blazej Brzostek,
Robotnicy Warszawy
(Warsaw, 2002), pp. 45–47.

45.
AAN, MEN 581.

46.
Brodala, “Propaganda dla Najmłodszych w Latach,” pp. 40–44.

47.
MOL, 276/65/156, pp. 63–86.

48.
SAPMO-BA, DY 30/J IV 2/2 A 415.

49.
Brodala, “Propaganda dla Najmłodszych w Latach,” p. 48.

50.
“Frohe Ferientage für alle Kinder,” Beschluss des Politbüros vom 30.3.1951, Anlagenummer fünf; SAPMO-BA, DY 30/IV 2/905/130, Bl. 8ff.

51.
SAPMO-BA, DY 25/482.

52.
PIL, 286/23, pp. 118–30.

53.
Ibid., 286/18, pp. 214–15.

54.
Interview with Pomian.

55.
1956 Institute, File 22.

56.
Wi˛esław Kot, “Wyścigowiec ofiarny,”
Wprost
43 (2007), pp. 86–92; see also Padraic Kenney,
Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists 1945–1950
(Ithaca, 1997), p. 247.

57.
Sándor Horváth, “Élmunkások és sztahanovisták,”
História
(August 1998).

58.
John Rodden,
Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education,
1945
–
1995
(New York, 2002), p. 58.

59.
Ibid., p. 59.

60.
MOL, 276/65/156, p. 35.

61.
In Izabella Main, “President of Poland or ‘Stalin’s Most Faithful Pupil?’: The Cult of Bolesław Bierut in Stalinist Poland,” in Balász Apor et al., eds.,
The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships
(New York, 2004), p. 188.

62.
Paul Gregory,
The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives
(Cambridge, 2004), pp. 103–9.

63.
MOL, 276/65/156, pp. 1–6.

64.
DRA, F 201-00-00/0002, p. 41.

65.
David Priestland,
Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power, and Terror in Inter-war Russia
(New York, 2007), p. 314.

66.
Quoted in Mark Pittaway, “The Reproduction of Hierarchy: Skill, Working-Class Culture, and the State in Early Socialist Hungary,”
The Journal of Modern History
74, 4 (December 2002), p. 742.

67.
Dagmar Semmelmann,
“Man war total entwurzelt und musste erst wieder Wurzeln schlagen”: Zur Integration von Flüchtlingen und Vertriebenen in der
SBZ/DDR
aus lebensgeschichtlicher Sicht—dargestellt am Sonderfall Eisenhüttenstadt
(oral history, published on CD, 2005).

68.
Pittaway, “Reproduction of Hierarchy,” p. 741.

69.
MOL, 276/65/186, pp. 10–135.

70.
PIL, 286/18, p. 217.

71.
The Hungarian Museum of Ethnography commemorated this exhibition in March 2012, on the sixtieth anniversary: see
http://www.neprajz.hu/kiallitasok.php?menu=3&kiallitas_id=121
.

72.
Main, “President of Poland or ‘Stalin’s Most Faithful Pupil?,’ ” pp. 179–93.

73.
SAPMO-BA, DY 30/J IV 2/2/, p. 22.

74.
Christian Ostermann, ed.,
Uprising in East Germany 1953: The Cold War, the German Question, and the First Major Upheaval Behind the Iron Curtain
(Budapest and New York, 2001), p. 20.

75.
SAPMO-BA, DY/30/IV 2/1/ 61, pp. 136–57.

76.
See, for example, SAPMPO-BA, DY 30/IV/ 2/9.06/173; see also DRA, 201-00-0010003, pp. 129–33.

77.
BStU MfSZ—Sekretariat d. Ministers (Min.) 387, pp. 502–5.

78.
DRA, B012765756; also Harry Pross, “On Mann’s Political Career,”
Journal of Contemporary History
2, 2 (April 1967), p. 80.

79.
Alan Nothnagle,
Building the East Germany Myth
(Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 63–67.

80.
AAN, Ministerstwo Kultury, no. 274.

81.
Ibid., nos. 274, 724, 747.

82.
Ibid., no. 478.

83.
SAPMO-BA, DY 24/2.120, p. 55.

84.
Ibid., DY 24/2.414.

85.
Ibid., DY 25/248.

86.
PIL, 286.19, p. 207.

87.
Artur Pasko,
Wyścig Pokoju w dokumentach władz partyjnych i państwowych
1948
–
1989
(Kraków, 2009), pp. 21–30.

88.
Magdolna Baráth, ed.,
Szovjet nagyköveti iratok Magyarországról
1953
–
1956
(Budapest, 2002), p. 175.

89.
J.C.C., “The Berlin Youth Festival: Its Role in the Peace Campaign,”
The World Today
7, 7 (July 1951), pp. 306–15.

90.
Giles Scott-Smith and Hans Krabbendam, eds.,
The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe,
1945
–
1960
(London, 2003), pp. 172–73.

91.
BStU MfSZ, BdL 003465.

92.
Ibid., 000012.

93.
Ibid., 000015.

94.
Ibid., 000012.

95.
Ibid., 15194.

96.
J.C.C., “The Berlin Youth Festival,” p. 311.

97.
Available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIGa6YcTU8s
.

98.
Interview with Lothar Grimm, Eistenhüttenstadt, April 27, 2007.

99.
Jacek Trznadel,
Hańba Domowa
(Paris, 1986), pp. 22–23.

100.
Interview with Hans Modrow, Berlin, December 7, 2006.

101.
Interview with Józef Tejchma, Warsaw, June 14, 2007.

102.
Quote in Hans Modrow,
Ich wollte ein neues Deutschland
(Munich, 1999), p. 59.

1.
V. I. Lenin, “Party Organization and Party Literature,” 
Novaya Zhizn
12 (November 13, 1905).

2.
Andrzej Panufnik,
Composing Myself
(London, 1987), p. 189.

3.
It is now the German Finance Ministry.

4.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin,
1945
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1998), pp. 39–50.

5.
Elfriede Brüning,
Und außerdem war es mein Leben
(Berlin, 2004), p. 331.

6.
SAPMO-BA, DY 271/213.

7.
David Pike,
The Politics of Culture in Soviet-Occupied Germany,
1945
–
1949
(Stanford, 1992), p. 138.

8.
SAPMO-BA, DY 27/2751.

9.
Ibid., DY 27/341; also Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, p. 80.

10.
Quoted in an exhibition of the work of Herbert Sandberg, “Mit spitzer Feder,” Berlin, Akademie der Künste, May 2008.

11.
Schivelbusch,
In a Cold Crater
, p. 82.

12.
SAPMO-BA, DY 27/1512.

13.
Ronald Hayman,
Brecht: A Biography
(New York, 1983), pp. 325–26.

14.
Anne Hartmann and Wolfram Eggelin,
Sowjetische Präsenz im kulturellen Leben der
SBZ
und frühen
DDR
1945
–
1953
(Berlin, 1998), pp. 155–56.

15.
György Faludy,
My Happy Days in Hell
, trans. Kathleen Szasz (London, 2010), p. 228.

16.
AdK ABK,
Max Lingner,
1888
–
1959
, exhibition catalogue published in Berlin, 1988.

17.
Günter Feist, Eckhart Gillen, and Beatrice Vierneisel, eds.,
Kunstdokumentation:
1945
–
1990,
SBZ
/
DDR
(Berlin, 1996), pp. 104–6.

18.
T. V. Volokitina et al., eds.,
Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiskikh arkhivov
1944
–
1953,
vol. 2 (Moscow and Novosibirsk, 1997), pp. 36–41.

19.
Ibid., pp. 41–43.

20.
Peter Pachnicke pointed out to me that the “formalism” debate of the 1940s was a repeat of the “expressionist” debate that took place in the 1930s. Conversation with Peter Pachnicke, Berlin, April 20, 2008.

21.
Laurie S. Koloski, “Painting Kraków Red: Politics and Culture in Poland, 1945–1950,” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1998.

22.
See Wojciech Włodarcyzk,
Socrealizm: sztuka polska w latach
1950
–
1954
(Warsaw, 1986), p. 112.

23.
Conversation with Petra Uhlmann and Michael Krejsa, Akademie der Künste, Berlin, December 5, 2008.

24.
Joy Calico, “The Trial, the Condemnation, the Cover-up: Behind the Scenes of Brecht/Dessau’s
Lucullus
Opera(s),”
Cambridge Opera Journal
14, 3 (November 2002), pp. 313–42. See also Hayman,
Brecht
, pp. 354–55.

25.
Gunter Feist, “Das Wandbild im Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse,” in Eckhart Gillen and Diether Schmidt, eds.,
Zone
5: Kunst in der Viersektorenstadt,
1945
–
51
, exhibition catalogue (Berlin, 1989), pp. 92–124.

26.
Conversation with Uhlmann and Krejsa.

27.
Protokoły z posiedzeń
Rady Wydziału Malarstwa w ASP w Warszawie,
01.12.1950–17.02.1954, in the collection of Andrzej Bielawski.

28.
AAN, Ministerstwo Kultury, nos. 321, 322, 326.

29.
Koloski, “Painting Kraków Red,” pp. 200–309.

30.
AdK ABK, Otto Nagel collection, III, and Arnold Zweig collection, V, folder 5.

31.
Ibid.,
Max Lingner
, IV.A.59.

32.
Gerhard Strauss,
Vom Auftrag zum Wandbild
(Berlin, 1953), p. 12.

33.
Ibid., pp. 16–20.

34.
Ibid., pp. 21–25.