James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls I (124 page)

12. T. Zahn in H.–J. Schoeps,
Paul: Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History
, Philadelphia, 1961, p. 67.

13.
War
2.7/
Ant.
17.207–8.

14. Cf. CD 4.3–7 with 1QS 5.2 and 5.9.

15. 1QpHab 4.14–5.5 (also 10.3–5 and 13).

16. CD 6.5; cf. 1QS 8.13–14 and 9.19–24.

17. CD 14.8–11, 15.8–15, 1QS 6.12, etc.

18. Cf. 4QpPs 37 3.13–17 and 1QpHab 11.8 with Jas. 2:10, Rom. 13:13–23, and 1 Cor. 8:7–13 on ‘things sacrificed to idols’.

19.
Ant
. 20.202.

20. 1QpHab 11.4–8.

21. 1QpHab 11.9–15.

22.
Ket
. 30b.

23.
B. San
. 81b–82b;
Tos. Kelim
1.6.

24.
B. Tam.
29a–b and
Men
. 21b.

25.
B. San.
44a–b,
Sota
8a, and 23a.

26.
War
6.288–301.

27.
War
6.288–301.

28. Ps.
Rec
. 1.70–73.

29. Ps.
Rec
. 1.10.5.

30. I am indebted to my colleague F. S. Jones for the basis of this translation.

31.
Ant.
20.51–3 and 101. For Helen as Nazirite, see
b. Naz
. 19b and
Ket
. 7a.

32. Ps.
Rec.
1.73–4.

33. For Helen and her son’s ‘Riches’ and ‘Piety’, see
Ant.
20.51–3 as well as
Yoma
37a–b and
B.B.
11a.

Chapter 18

1. CD 8.21
–38.

2. Epistle of Peter to James 4.1–4.

3. Cf.
Ant.
20.97–102 with Acts 5:36–8.

4.
Ant.
20.214; cf. Acts 9:1 on ‘Saulus’’ riotous behaviour.

5.
Ant.
20.101.

6.
E.H
. 1.13.1–2.1.8 and 2.12.1. Cf.
Ant.
20.17–96 and Moses of Chorene 2.30–33.

7. E.g. 1QpHab 11.4–16 and 1QH 9.8–9.

8.
War
2.143.

9. Matt. 13:47, John 21:6–8, etc.

10. 1QS 8.5 and 9.4–6.

11.
Ant.
1.8; cf.
Vita
430,
Contra Apion
1.1, 2.1, and 2.296.

12.
Ant.
20.144 and 147.

13. Cf. Dio Cassius, 68.14.5–33.3 and 69.12.1–15 with EH 4.2.1–4.7.4 on the one led by ‘Andreas’/‘Man’ or ‘Adam’ in Cyrene.

14. Suetonius, 12.15–17 and Dio Cassius, 67.14.1–18.2.

15. 3.32/1–6.

16.
E.H
. 3.12.1.

17.
E.H
. 3.19.1–20.9.

18.
E.H
. 3.20.5.

19.
E.H
. 3.32.3–8.

Chapter 19

1. 1QpHab 8.9 and 9.4–5 on the Community Council as a ‘pleasing odour and sweet fragrance’, including ‘spiritualized Temple’ imagery and making an atonement through suffering; also Rom. 15:16, ‘the offering up of the Peoples’ as ‘a pleasing sacrifice’ and Phil. 4:18, Epaphroditus’ efforts, the same.

2. 1QpHab 10:11–12 – even ‘of Emptyness’; cf. Jas. 2:20’s ‘Empty Man’, relating to Gen. 15:6 and Hab. 2:4.

3.
Contra Apion
1.51.

4.
War
7.199–209.

5.
War
7.32–4.

6. 4.9–11.

7. 1QpHab 10.10.

8. 1QM 12.8 and 19.1–2 (cf. Jas. 5:4–9).

9. John 1:21–7, however, specifically denies this.

Chapter 20

1. 1QS 8.1.

2. 1QS 8.5–9.4.

3. 1QS 9.4–5 and 9.20–24.

4. Cf. Matt. 20:20–28/Mark 10:35–45 with 1QpHab 5.3.

5. CD 4.10–12 and 1QpHab 8.1–3 in exegesis of Hab. 2:4.

6. Epistle of Peter to James 4.1–3.

7. 1QpHab 8.1–3 and 10.10–12.

8. Koran 2.61, 3.21, 3.183, 4.155, etc.

9. CD 4.7 (reversing 1.19), 1QS 3.2–3, 1QH 13.16–17, 16.11, etc.

10. A. v. Harnack, ‘Die Verklarungsgeschichte Jesu, der Gericht des Paulus (I Kor. 15,3ff.) under die Beiden Christusvisionen des Petrus’,
Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie
, 1922, pp. 62–80 – the first to point this out.

11. 1QS 2.22 (also 1.12).

12. Cf. Clement of Alexandria, 1.29, 2.15,
EH
3.3.2, and Jerome,
Vir. ill
. 1.

13.
Haeres.
30.13.7.

14. 1QpHab 11.2–12.6.

15.
War
4.324 and 4.343.

16. 1QpHab 5.12–6.11.

17. 1QpHab 7.7–16.

18. 1QpHab 2.7–10, showing ‘the Priest’ (i.e., the High Priest) and ‘the Teacher’ are identical; cf. 1QpHab 7.4–14 – also beginning with the words, ‘the Last Generation’.

Chapter 21

1. See CD 1.4, ‘delivered them up to the sword’; 1.5–6, ‘to be destroyed’; 1.17, ‘to the avenging sword’; etc.

2. CD 4.3–7, 1QpHab 6.4–5, etc.

3. 1QpHab 10.6.

4. Cf.
War
2.128–9 and 141–2 with Epistle of Peter to James 4–5 and Paul in 1 Cor. 15:3.

5. Cf. CD 3.2–6 with Jas. 1:16–25, 2:5–13, and 4:11.

6. CD 2.8, 3.1–9, etc.

7. CD 1.3–5, 1.14–2.1, 3.8–11, 5.13–21, 8.1, etc.

8. Cf. CD 8.14–36, 1QS 2.4–18, and 9.21–24, not ‘loving’ but ‘Eternal hatred for the Sons of the Pit’.

9.
Ant
. 19.334, following his encounter with ‘Simon’.

10. CD 1.1, 1.12, 1.19–21, 2.4, and 4.4–7.

11. CD 3.18–20 and 1QS 4.20–23.

12. CD 1.20–21.

13. 1QpHab 11.4–5.

14.
DSSU
, pp. 233–41 – 4Q436 2.1.

15. Cf. CD 2.12–13.

16. Cf. CD 1.20–21 with 1.17–18, 3.9–11, 7.81, and 8.49.

17. 6.20.

18. The usage, found in CD 6.15, 7.3, and 8.8, is exactly the same as that in Acts 15:20, 29, and 21:25.

19. Cf. 6.17–18 with Acts 10:14–15, 10:28, and 11:9.

20. 7.6–7 and 8.43–5.

21. CD 5.11–7.12; in 1QpHab 12.5–10, this is also ‘
Ebionim
’.

22. 8.18–36; cf. 1QS 8.19–24.

23. 8.31–6 and 42–5.

24. Matt. 12:46, Luke 24:36, John 20:14, 19, 26, 21:4, and Acts 1:10.

25.
EH
2.23.17–18,
Vir. ill.
2, and
Haeres
. 78.15.5–6.

26.
War
7.217–18.

27. Cf. 1QpHab 2.8–10 and 7.4–5 with
EH
2.23.7.

28. 1 Apoc. Jas. 31.5–32.17 and 2 Apoc. Jas. 56.15.

29.
B.B
. 60b.

30. 1QpHab 12.2–3.

31. 1QpHab 10.12–13.

Chapter 22

1. Cf. Sermon 191 with Koran 3.45, 4.157, and 19.19–23.

2.
Adv. Marcion
4.19 and
de Verig. vel
. 6; also see
de Monog
. 8 on Jesus as Mary’s first-born son.

3.
Comm. in Matt.
10.17; cf. too
Hom. In Luc.
7.

4.
Ad Eph
. 18–19 and
Ad Trall
. 9.1.

5. Cf. Irenaeus,
Ad Haer.
3.16.7 and Tertullian,
de Carne
17.

6. CD 8.56–7/20.33–4.

7.
Haeres.
29.4.1–7.1, 66.19.7–8, 78.8.2–9.6, 14.3, and 18.1–24.4.

8.
Vir. ill.
2 and
Adv. Hel.
12–21.

9. Cf. in H. J. Leon, ‘The Names of the Jews of Ancient Rome’,
Transactions of the American Philological Association
, 1928, p. 208, with how the stonecutters frequently confused
alpha
and
lambda
in inscriptions.

10.
Opus imperf. c. Iul.
4.122; cf.
Enarr. in
Ps. 34:3.

11.
EH
3.11.1.

12.
EH
3.12 (cf. 3.20.1–4).

13. Cf.
EH
2.6.8, 3.5.1–4, 3.5.6, etc.

14.
EH
3.17.

15.
EH
3.19.1–20.7.

16.
EH
3.32.1–6.

17.
EH
3.32.3–6; cf.
Haeres.
66.19.8 and 78.7.5.

18. Cf.
EH
3.35 with
Haeres.
66.20.1.

19. 3.32.7–8.

20.
Ant.
20.166–7.

21. Tacitus,
Annals
15.39–44, Suet. 6.38, and Dio Cassius 62.16–18.

22.
Ant.
20.257.

23.
EH
3.18.4.

24. 12.2.

25.
Ant.
1.8–9.

26. Ant. 18.140; also see Tacitus,
Annals
14.26.

27. See Augustine,
City of God
6.11 and cf. Tertullian,
De Anima
20 and 42, who calls him ‘on our side’.

28.
Apion
2.8.

29. 3.5.3–7.9.

30.
EH
3.5.3.

31. Cf. 4.22.4 with 3.32.1–4 – date unclear, but elsewhere Eusebius implies it is 106–7 CE.

32. Cf. 1QpHab 11.2–15 on Hab. 2:15–16.

33.
EH
3.31.2–3 and 5.24.3, quoting a letter from Polycrates (
c
. 190 CE).

34.
EH
3.32.7.

35. These passages from Ps.
Hom.
7.3–8 not only make it clear that James’ ‘strangled things’ in Acts 15:18–30 and 21:25 is ‘carrion’, both here and in the Koran; but that Paul’s rhetorical gamesmanship over ‘eating in an idol temple’/‘the table of demons’ and James’ ‘things sacrifices to idols’ in 1 Cor. 8:7–13 and 10:19–23 are just that – dissimulation.

36. Dio Cassius 68.32; Eusebius 4.2.4–5 calls him ‘Lucuas’, so this ‘Andrew’ does, in fact, seem to be a title.

Chapter 23

1.
Vita
86.

2.
B. Ta‘an.
23a/
J
.
Ta‘an
66b
.

3.
B. Sota
11b; cf.
Ta‘an
. 23a for the rockiness of the locale.

4.
B. Shab
. 33b.

5. 1QS 2.15.

6. 1QS 9.20–23. This is a direct quote from Isa. 63:4, where it comes amid ‘cup’ imagery of ‘making the Peoples drunk with My Fury’.

7. 1QpHab 12.2–3/
EH
2.23.14–15.

8. Cf. 1QS 9.22–3 and CD 2.11 and 4.4.

9. 9.16–28.

10.
War
1.648–55/
Ant.
17.149–57.

11. Cf.
War
2.454 with
Contra Celsus
2.13.

12. Cf. 9.21 with
War
2.18 and
Ant.
18.23.

13.
Ant.
18.23–4.

14. Matt. 22:25–33 and pars.

15. Cf. Hipp. 9.21 with Ps.
Hom.
7.3–4 and 8.

16. Cf.
War
2.143–4 with 1QS 5.7–20, 7.17–25, etc.

17. Cf. Hipp. 5.2 and 10.5 with 2 Apoc. Jas. 44.15–20.

18. E. S. Drower,
The Secret Adam
, pp. xvi and 92–9.