Katherine Howard: A New History (29 page)

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Notes

Introduction: Historiography

1. 1.Martin Hume,
   The Chronicle of Henry VIII
   (London, 1889).
   
2. 2.Ibid, p. 75.
   
3. 3.Ibid, pp. 76-7.
   
4. 4.Ibid, pp. 82-3.
   
5. 5.Ibid, pp. 86-7.
   
6. 6.Herbert,
   The life and raigne of King Henry the Eighth
   
7. 7.bid, p. 474.
   
8. 8.Nicholas Harpsfield,
   A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce Between Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon
   , p. 278.
   
9. 9.George Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions (ed. Samuel Weller Singer, London, 1825), pp. 64-70.
   
10. 10.Nicholas Sander,
    Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism
    (eds. Edward Rishton and David Lewis, London, 1877), pp. 153-4.
    
11. 11.Agnes Strickland,
    Memoirs of the Queens of Henry VIII
    , pp. 279-80.
    
12. 12.Ibid, p. 280.
    
13. 13.Ibid, pp. 310-11.
    
14. 14.Ibid, p. 325.
    
15. 15.Henry Herbert, Memoirs of Henry the Eighth of England: With the Fortunes, Fates, and Characters of His Six Wives (New York, 1860), pp. 413, 431.
    
16. 16.Martin Hume,
    The Wives of Henry the Eighth and the Parts They Played in History
    (New York, 1905), pp. 351, 371-2, 396.
    
17. 17.Lacey Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard
    (Jonathan Cape, 1961), p. 9.
    
18. 18.Ibid, p. 10.
    
19. 19.Ibid, p. 45.
    
20. 20.Ibid, p. 54.
    
21. 21.Ibid, p. 61.
    
22. 22.Ibid, p. 189.
    
23. 23.Alison Plowden,
    Tudor Women: Queens and Commoners
    (The History Press, 2002), p. 96.
    
24. 24.Alison Weir,
    The Six Wives of Henry VIII
    (London, 1991), pp. 9, 462.
    
25. 25.Antonia Fraser,
    The Six Wives of Henry VIII
    (Phoenix, 1992), pp. 388, 427.
    
26. 26.Joanna Denny,
    Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy
    (Portrait, 2005), p. 88.
    
27. 27.Ibid, pp. 116, 123.
    
28. 28.Ibid, pp. 148-9.
    
29. 29.Ibid, p. 198.
    
30. 30.David Starkey,
    Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
    (Vintage, 2004), pp. 644, 646.
    
31. 31.Ibid, p. 654.
    
32. 32.Ibid, pp. 674-5.
    
33. 33.Ibid, p. xxv.
    
34. 34.Karen Lindsey,
    Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII
    (Da Capo Press, 1996), pp. 17
    
35. 35.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’, in
    Wicked Women of Tudor England: Queens, Aristocrats, Commoners (Queenship and Power)
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), pp. 45, 76.
    

1) Thrones and Power

1. 1.George Cavendish,
   Thomas Wolsey late Cardinal his Life and Death
   Roger Lockyer (ed., 1962), p. 10.
   
2. 2.SP Ven. ii.1287.
   
3. 3.Sebastian Guistinian,
   Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII
   (tr. R Brown, 2 vols., London, 1854) i.85-90f.; LP. ii.395.
   
4. 4.See, for example, David Starkey,
   Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII
   (Vintage, 2004), pp. 88-9.
   
5. 5.Cited in Agnes Strickland,
   Memoirs of the Queens of Henry VIII
   (Blanchard and Lea, 1853), p. 279.
   
6. 6.R. Virgoe, “The Recovery of the Howards in East Anglia, 1485-1529” in E.W. Ives, R.J. Knecht, and J. J. Scarisbrick
   Wealth and Power in Tudor England
   (London, 1978), pp. 5-16; D. Head, “The Life and Career of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk: The Anatomy of Tudor Politics”, PhD dissertation, Florida State University (1978), pp. 28-40.
   
7. 7.Lacey Baldwin Smith,
   A Tudor Tragedy: the Life and Times of Catherine Howard
   (London, 1961), p. 16.
   
8. 8.M. J. Tucker,
   The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443-1524
   (London, 1964), p. 72; J. Gairdner, “’The Spousells’ of the Princess Mary, 1508”,
   Camden Miscellany
   IX (New York, 1965); A.R. Myers, ‘The Book of Disguisings for the Coming of the Ambassadors of Flanders, December, 1508’,
   BIHR
   54 (1981), 120-9.
   
9. 9.D. Head, “The Life and Career”, p. 167.
   
10. 10.
    Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII,
    J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner, and R.H. Brodie, 21 vols (eds., London: HMSO, 1862-1932) ½, no. 2684 (2); Michael A. R. Graves, ‘Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk (1473-1554)’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    (2004).
    
11. 11.C. Rawcliffe,
    The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham, 1394-1521
    (Cambridge, 1978), p. 43; see B.J. Harris,
    Edward Stafford, Third Duke of Buckingham, 1478-1521
    (Stanford, 1986), H. Miller,
    Henry VIII and the English Nobility
    (Oxford, 1986).
    
12. 12.Joanna Denny,
    Katherine Howard: a Tudor Conspiracy
    (London, 2005), p. 261.
    
13. 13.Cal. SP. Spanish IV, 694, p.295.
    
14. 14.Ibid, V, ii, 104, p. 269.
    
15. 15.
    LP,
    I, 698, 2246.
    
16. 16.Archaeologia Cantiana; being the Transactions of the Kent Archaeological Society, vols. IV, XXII (London, 1861, 1917), p. 319.
    
17. 17.
    LP,
    ii, 2246; II, ii, ‘The King’s Book of Payments’, p. 1463.
    
18. 18.Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , p. 645.
    
19. 19.
    LP
    , xii. 463, 466.
    
20. 20.Muriel St. Clare Byrne (ed.),
    The Lisle Letters
    (6 vols., University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 373-6.
    
21. 21.
    Surrey Archaeological Collections,
    LI, pp. 85-8;
    Visitations of Surrey,
    H.S., XLIII, p.21;
    Inquisitions Post Mortem – Henry VII,
    I, 820. See Denny,
    Katherine Howard,
    pp. 6-8.
    
22. 22.
    Surrey Archaeological Collections,
    LI, pp. 87-8.
    
23. 23.Ibid. p. 87 seems to suggest that Henry was the eldest son since he was named first in John Legh’s will of 1523, before his two brothers. He was probably named for the king.
    
24. 24.Statham and Brenan, House of Howard, p. 166, n. 1.
    
25. 25.Pamela Y. Stanton, ‘Arundell, Sir Thomas (c.1502-1552)’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography;
    Douglas Richardson,
    Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
    I (2011), p. 44.
    
26. 26.For Anne’s age,
    LP
    , XV, 22; for Margaret,
    LP
    , XVI, 868.
    
27. 27.C. Byrne, ‘The birth and childhood of Katherine Howard, queen of England’ (2012; available online at http://www.conorbyrnex.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/the-birth-and-childhood-of-katherine.html);
    Surrey Archaeological Collections,
    LI, pp. 85-90; which shows that, in John Legh’s will of 1523-4, none of the Howard daughters were mentioned, but in Isabel his wife’s will in 1527, all three daughters were named, with Isabel naming Mary as her goddaughter, which was probably after John’s death. It has been argued that ‘infant girls did not warrant mention as beneficiaries in a will’ (Baldwin Smith, p. 194), but this fails to take into account the fact that Isabel Legh decided to include all three girls; while other infant females from the Legh family were included in the earlier will. See
    Visitations of Cornwall
    (J. L. Vivian, ed.), pp. 4-5; H. Howard,
    Memorials of the Howard Family
    (1834), 1-26; Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy,
    pp. 194-6. The unknown author of
    The Chronicle of Henry VIII
    (ed. Martin Hume, London, 1889), p. 75, suggested that Katherine was about fifteen in 1539-40. See later in this chapter. Mary Howard married Edmund Trafford some years later, he having been born in 1526. The fact that he was born in this year, and that Mary was apparently still unwed at the time of her sister’s reign as queen, suggests that she was the youngest Howard daughter. For a Lambeth birth, see
    LP
    XVI 1395 (indictment against the queen). Some suspected Katherine was born at Oxenhoath in Kent; see Brenan and Stratham,
    House of Howard
    , I, pp. 268-9.
    
28. 28.Richardson,
    Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham
    IV (2011), p. 108.
    
29. 29.
    Cal. SP Spanish.,
    V-i, 165, p. 468.
    
30. 30.
    LP
    , IV, 3731-2; Henry Ellis,
    Original Letters Illustrative of English History
    , third Series, 4 vols. (London, 1846), I, pp. 160-3.
    
31. 31.
    LP,
    V, 166, 15.
    
32. 32.Gerald Brenan and Edward Stratham,
    The House of Howard¸
    2 vols. (New York, 1907), I, pp. 268-9.
    
33. 33.Cited in Jeremy Goldberg, ‘Girls Growing Up in Later Medieval England’,
    History Today,
    45, 6 (1995).
    
34. 34.Olwen Hufton, ‘What is Women’s History?’,
    History Today
    , 35, 6 (1985).
    
35. 35.If one accepts the disputed 1507 birthdate for Anne Boleyn, it follows that she was six years old when she was sent abroad to France to serve within the household of Mary Tudor and later Claude of France. See Retha M. Warnicke,
    The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII
    (Cambridge, 1989), Ch. 1.
    
36. 36.Barbara J. Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’,
    The Historical Journal
    33 (1990), 262-3.
    
37. 37.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’ in
    Wicked Women
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 50.
    
38. 38.Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’.
    
39. 39.Cited by Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , pp. 15-16.
    
40. 40.Strickland,
    Memoirs
    , p. 282.
    
41. 41.Graves, ‘Thomas Howard’.
    
42. 42.Ibid.
    
43. 43.Catharine Davies, ‘Agnes Howard [nee Tilney], duchess of Norfolk (
    b.
    in or before 1477, d. 1545),
    noblewoman
    ’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    (2004). See also Warnicke,
    Wicked Women;
    Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , pp. 46-8.
    
44. 44.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women,
    p. 57
    .
    Baldwin Smith agrees, noting that ‘how many people were involved in such an organization it is impossible to say, and very likely the old lady of Norfolk was not sure herself’;
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 47.
    
45. 45.Harris, ‘Women and Politics’, 260. See also Barbara Harris, ‘The View from My Lady’s Chamber: New Perspectives on the Early Tudor Monarchy’,
    Huntingdon Library Quarterly
    60 (1997), 215-247.