Katherine Howard: A New History (30 page)

2) A Howard Queen

1. 1.
   Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 5: 1534-1554
   (ed. Rawdon Brown, 1873), pp. 531-567.
   
2. 2.Nicholas Sander,
   The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism
   (eds. Edward Rishton, David Lewis, London, 1877), pp. 8, 15.
   
3. 3.S. Giustinian,
   Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII
   (tr. R. Brown, 2 vols., London, 1854), I, pp. 181-2.
   
4. 4.
   Cal.SP Ven.,
   II, 479;
   LP
   III i, 1284.
   
5. 5.Mark Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity: Sexual Jealousy in Early Modern England’,
   Feminist Studies
   19 (1993), 388.
   
6. 6.Linda A. Pollock, ‘Childbearing and female bonding in Early Modern England’,
   Social History
   22 (1997), 300.
   
7. 7.Anne L. Barstow,
   Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts
   (HarperCollins, 1994), p. 136.
   
8. 8.
   Cal.SP Ven.,
   II, 248, 529, 560.
   
9. 9.
   Cal.SP Ven.,
   IV, 105.
   
10. 10.Lois Honeycutt, ‘Medieval Queenship’,
    History Today
    , 39, 6 (1989).
    
11. 11.Retha M. Warnicke,
    The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII
    (Cambridge, 1989), p. 177.
    
12. 12.Sander,
    English Schism
    , p. 8.
    
13. 13.BL.Sloane MSS.
    
14. 14.J. G. Nichols (ed.),
    Inventories of the Wardrobes, Plate, Chapel Stuff, etc., of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and of the Wardrobe Stuff at Baynard’s Castle of Katharine, Princess Dowager,
    Camden Society, vol. LXI (London, 1855), xv. See also M. J. Lechnar, ‘Henry VIII’s Bastard: Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond’, PhD Dissertation, West Virginia University (1977).
    
15. 15.Raphael Holinshed,
    Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
    (Henry Ellis, ed., 6 vols, 1807-8).
    
16. 16.George Cavendish,
    The Life of Cardinal Wolsey
    (S. W. Singer, ed., 2 vols., 1815)
    ,
    iv., p.108.
    
17. 17.Lancelot de Carles,
    La Grande Bretagne devant L’Opinion Francaise
    (G. Ascoli, ed., Paris, 1927), lines 53-4.
    
18. 18.William Forest,
    The History of Grisild the Second: A Narrative in Verse of the Divorce of Queen Katherine of Aragon
    (M. D. Macray, ed., London, 1875), pp. 52-3.
    
19. 19.J. W. Luce (ed.), The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn: With Notes (London, 1906), p. iii.
    
20. 20.G. E. Cockayne,
    The Complete Peerage
    (V. Gibbs, H. A. Doubleday, D. Warrand, T. Lord Howard de Walden and G. White, 13 vols, London, 1910-59), IX, pp. 219-22.
    
21. 21.Ibid; XII, pp. 249-57.
    
22. 22.Warnicke,
    Rise and fall
    , p. 88.
    
23. 23.
    Cal. SP. Spanish
    IV i, pp. 189-90.
    
24. 24.Edward Hall,
    A Chronicle containing, the History of Henry the Fourth and the Succeeding Monarchs to the End of the Reign of Henry the Eighth, carefully collected with the editions of 1548 and 1550
    (Henry Ellis, ed., London, 1809), p. 760;
    Correspondence du Cardinal du Bellay
    (Scheurer, ed.), I, pp. 108, 110;
    LP
    IV, iii, 6011.
    
25. 25.See Warnicke,
    Rise and fall
    , pp. 1-3.
    
26. 26.
    LP,
    4/3, 6199.
    
27. 27.David Starkey, ‘From Feud to Faction: English Politics 1450-1550’,
    History Today
    , 32, 11 (1982).
    
28. 28.See Barbara Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’, The Historical Journal 33 (1990), 259-281.
    
29. 29.Barbara Harris, ‘The View from My Lady’s Chamber: New Perspectives on the Early Tudor Monarchy’,
    Huntingdon Library Quarterly
    60 (1997), 220.
    
30. 30.See Laura Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies and the Making of Sex in Seventeenth-Century England’,
    Signs,
    37 (2012); Laura Gowing, ‘Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour’,
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
    6 (1996), 225.
    
31. 31.Gowing, ‘Women, Status’, 234.
    
32. 32.Barstow,
    Witchcraze,
    p. 136.
    
33. 33.Martin Hume (ed.),
    The Chronicle of Henry VIII
    (London, 1889), pp. 8, 44.
    
34. 34.
    Cal.SP Ven., 1527-33,
    294-5.
    
35. 35.
    LP,
    5, 1059.
    
36. 36.Charles Wriothesley,
    A Chronicle of England during the Reigns of the Tudors, from 1485 to 1559
    (William Douglas Hamilton, ed., 2 vols., 1875-77), I, pp. 17-18.
    
37. 37.Hall,
    Chronicle,
    II, p. 233.
    
38. 38.Cited by Joanna Denny,
    Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy
    (London, 2005), p. 57.
    
39. 39.
    Cal. SP. Spanish
    IV ii, 934, p. 429; V, i, 122, p. 355.
    
40. 40.See, for example, Anne Somerset,
    Ladies in Waiting: From the Tudors to the Present Day
    (London, 1984), pp. 9-33.
    
41. 41.Lisle Letters II pp. 528-31.
    
42. 42.See Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’.
    
43. 43.
    LP,
    IX, 308.
    
44. 44.Warnicke,
    Rise and fall,
    p. 146; Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy,
    p. 31.
    
45. 45.
    LP
    , VI, 1528.
    
46. 46.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle,
    I, pp. 27-29.
    
47. 47.
    LP
    , VIII, 1105.
    
48. 48.Warnicke,
    Rise and fall
    , p. 171.
    
49. 49.Cited by H.F.M. Prescott,
    Mary Tudor
    (1952), p. 307.
    
50. 50.See Eric Ives,
    The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
    (Oxford, 2005), pp. 190-1.
    
51. 51.
    LP,
    V, 907.
    
52. 52.George Cavendish ‘Metrical Visions’ in
    The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions
    (S.W. Singer, ed., 1825), p. 42.
    
53. 53.Lancelot de Carles in G. Ascoli,
    La Grande-Bretagne devant L’Opinion Francaise
    (Paris, 1927), lines 209-13.
    
54. 54.Harris, ‘My Lady’s Chamber’, 247.
    
55. 55.
    LP,
    VII, 556;
    Lisle Letters
    , II, 175.
    
56. 56.
    Cal.SP Span.,
    V, 90.
    
57. 57.There is some dispute about the queen’s second pregnancy. See Ives,
    Anne,
    pp. 191-2; Warnicke,
    Rise and fall,
    pp. 173-77; G.W. Bernard,
    Fatal Attractions
    (Yale, 2010), pp. 74-5.
    
58. 58.
    LP,
    VII, 476.
    
59. 59.
    Cal.SP Span.,
    V, 127.
    
60. 60.
    LP,
    VIII, 111, 174, 327, 355.
    
61. 61.
    LP,
    VIII, 263.
    
62. 62.Ibid, IX, 802.
    
63. 63.Ibid, X, 142.
    
64. 64.Anthony Fletcher, ‘Men’s Dilemma: The Future of Patriarchy in England 1560-1660’,
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
    Sixth Series 4 (1994), 80.
    
65. 65.
    LP,
    X, 282.
    
66. 66.Hall,
    Chronicle
    , p. 818.
    
67. 67.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 33.
    
68. 68.De Carles,
    Poeme sur la Mort d’Anne Boleyn
    , lines 317-26, in Ascoli,
    La Grande Bretagne devant l’Opinion Francaise.
    
69. 69.
    LP,
    X, 283.
    
70. 70.J.A. Froude,
    The Reign of Henry the Eighth,
    ii. xii., p. 187.
    
71. 71.Gerald Brenan and Edward Stratham,
    The House of Howard
    (London, 1907), pp. 183-4.
    
72. 72.
    P
    , X, 726.
    
73. 73.Ibid, X, 873.
    
74. 74.Starkey,
    Six Queens
    , p. 564.
    
75. 75.Historians such as Ives,
    Anne
    , and A. Weir,
    The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn
    (Jonathan Cape, 2009) favour the first argument; Warnicke,
    Rise and fall
    , believes that the queen miscarried a deformed child, leading to her execution; Bernard,
    Fatal Attractions
    , contends that she was guilty of the charges of adultery and incest; and others, such as Suzannah Lipscomb and Starkey,
    Six Queens
    , favour the queen’s indiscriminating conversations.
    
76. 76.See Starkey,
    Six Queens
    , pp. 564-6.
    
77. 77.Hall,
    Chronicle
    , p. 819.
    
78. 78.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 36.
    
79. 79.
    LP
    , X, 793.
    
80. 80.See Elisabeth Wheeler,
    Men of power: court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard
    (Martin Wheeler Publishing, 2008), pp. 110-11.
    
81. 81.
    LP
    , X, 726.
    
82. 82.Ibid.
    
83. 83.See Lyndal Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, sexuality and religion in early modern Europe
    (Routledge, 1994), pp. 136-8, 188.
    
84. 84.Warnicke,
    Rise and fall
    , p. 216.
    
85. 85.Brenan and Stratham,
    House of Howard
    , p. 185.
    
86. 86.Gilbert Burnet,
    The History of the Reformation of the Church of England
    (ed. Nicholas Pocock, 7 vols., 1865), I, p. 316.
    
87. 87.
    LP
    , X, 876.
    
88. 88.Ibid, X, 843.
    
89. 89.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle,
    p. 37.
    
90. 90.Ibid, pp. 37-8.
    
91. 91.Hall,
    Chronicle
    , pp. 268-9.
    
92. 92.Chapuys reported that ‘nobody thinks that she [Jane] has much beauty. Her complexion is so white that she may be called rather pale... the said Semel is not very intelligent, and is said to be rather haughty’;
    LP
    , X, 901.
    
93. 93.See, for instance, Agnes Strickland.
    

3) ‘His Vicious Purpose’: A Tainted Upbringing

1. 1.Baldassarre Castiglione,
   The Book of the Courtier
   (tr. Leonard Eckstein Opdycke, New York, 1903), p. 65.
   
2. 2.Lancelot de Carles, lines 55-8.
   
3. 3.Byrne,
   Lisle
   , III, p. 133.
   
4. 4.Lawrence Stone,
   Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England 1660-1857
   (Oxford, 1993), p. 22.
   
5. 5.Elizabeth Foyster,
   Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex, and Marriage
   (London, 1999), pp. 13-14, 172.
   
6. 6.Baldwin Smith,
   A Tudor Tragedy,
   p. 146.
   
7. 7.Parts of this closely follow C. Byrne, ‘The Fall of Katherine Howard: Sexual Politics and the Role of Sexual Deviance in the Tudor Court’ (2012), which was submitted to St Hugh’s College, Oxford. I wish to thank that college for their support of this work.
   
8. 8.Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger,
   Malleus Maleficarum
   (1486, tr. Montague Summers, London, 1928), pp. 41-66, 109-22, 140-44, 227-30.
   
9. 9.Cited by Denny,
   Katherine Howard,
   p. 227.
   
10. 10.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil,
    p. 53.
    
11. 11.Ibid, p. 55.
    
12. 12.
    The Catechism of Thomas Becon
    (ed. John Ayre, Cambridge, 1844), p. 367.
    
13. 13.Cited by Barstow,
    Witchcraze,
    p. 136. It means “A rooster just needs ten hens, but ten men are not enough for a woman.”
    
14. 14.Linda A. Pollock, ‘Honor, Gender, and Reconciliation in Elite Culture, 1570-1700’,
    Journal of British Studies
    46 (2007).
    
15. 15.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 52.
    
16. 16.Joy Schroeder,
    Dinah’s Lament: The Biblical Legacy of Sexual Violence in Christian Interpretations
    (Minneapolis, 2007), pp. 51, 63, 67, 95-6.
    
17. 17.PRO, SP I, vol. 167, f. 139.
    
18. 18.Ibid, f. 138.
    
19. 19.G. Steinman Steinman,
    Althorp Memoirs, or Biographical Notices of Lady Denham, the Countess of Shrewsbury, the Countess of Falmouth, Mrs. Jenyns, the Duchess of Tyrconnel, and Lucy Walter, six ladies whose portraits are to be found in the picture gallery of His Excellency Earl Spencer, K.G., K.P.
    (1869), p. 56.
    
20. 20.Harris, ‘My Lady’s Chamber’, 247; see also Chapter 1.
    
21. 21.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 129;
    LP
    , XVI, 1320.
    
22. 22.Ibid.
    
23. 23.Ibid, f. 130.
    
24. 24.Ibid, vol. 168, f. 158;
    LP,
    XVI, 1461.
    
25. 25.Martin Ingram, ‘Child Abuse in Early Modern England’ in Michael Braddick and John Walter (eds.),
    Negotiating Power in Early Modern Society: Order, Hierarchy and Subordination in Britain and Ireland
    (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 63-75.
    
26. 26.Jeremy Goldberg, ‘The Right to Choose: Women, Consent and Marriage in Late Medieval England’,
    History Today
    58, 2 (2008).
    
27. 27.Cited by Barbara J. Harris, ‘Power, Profit, and Passion: Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon, and the Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England’,
    Feminist Studies
    15 (1989), 85.
    
28. 28.See Byrne, ‘Sexual Deviance’.
    
29. 29.Gilbert Burnet,
    The History of the Reformation of the Church of England
    (A Rhanes for R. Gunne, J. Smith and W. Bruce, 1683, 3 vols.), IV, 71, p. 505.
    
30. 30.
    LP,
    XVI, 1426.
    
31. 31.Burnet,
    Reformation,
    III, 72, p. 130.
    
32. 32.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil,
    p. 68.
    
33. 33.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 130;
    LP,
    XVI, 1320.
    
34. 34.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil
    , p. 55.
    
35. 35.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 136-137;
    LP,
    XVI, 1321. See also
    LP,
    XVI, 1400.
    
36. 36.Angus McLaren,
    Reproductive Rituals
    , p. 81; Keith Thomas,
    Man and the Natural World
    , p. 39.
    
37. 37.Annie Tock, ‘Literary Law Enforcement: Gender in Crime Ballads in Early Modern England’, Eastern Illinois University (2 April 2006); available at http://www.eiu.edu/~historia/2004/Literary2.pdf.
    
38. 38.Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 378, 389.
    
39. 39.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 137;
    LP,
    XVI, 1321.
    
40. 40.
    The Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath Preserved at Longleat, Wiltshire
    Vol. II, pp. 8-9.
    
41. 41.Anthony Fletcher,
    Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England 1500-1800
    (New Haven and London, 1995), pp. 192-3.
    
42. 42.L. Leneman, ‘“A Tyrant and Tormentor”: Violence Against Wives in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Scotland’,
    Continuity and Change
    12 (1997), 31.
    
43. 43.
    Calendar
    , pp. 8-9.
    
44. 44.
    The Remains of Thomas Cranmer, D.D, Archbishop of Canterbury
    (Henry Jenkyns, ed., 2 vols., Oxford, 1883), I, pp. 307-10.
    
45. 45.NA SP 1/167, f. 155.
    
46. 46.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy,
    p. 54; Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , p. 121.
    
47. 47.S. Mendelson and P. Crawford,
    Women in Early Modern England 1550-1720
    (Oxford, 1998), p. 65.
    
48. 48.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 56.
    
49. 49.Hilton,
    Queens Consort: England’s Medieval Queens
    , p. 100.
    
50. 50.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil
    , p. 61. See also Barstow,
    Witchcraze,
    p. 136.
    
51. 51.See Garthine Walker, ‘Rereading Rape and Sexual Violence in Early Modern England’,
    Gender & History
    10 (2002), 4.
    
52. 52.Burnet,
    Reformation
    , IV, p. 505.
    
53. 53.Ibid.
    
54. 54.Ibid, p. 504.
    
55. 55.Eric Carlson, ‘Courtship in Tudor England’,
    History Today,
    43, 8 (1993).
    
56. 56.Goldberg, ‘Right to Choose’.
    
57. 57.Ibid.
    
58. 58.Henry Swinburne,
    A Treatise of Spousals, Or Matrimonial Contracts
    (New York, 1985), pp. 51, 70-3.
    
59. 59.Walker, ‘Rereading Rape’, 5.
    
60. 60.James A. Brundage,
    Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe
    (Chicago, 1987), p. 531.
    
61. 61.Manon van der Heijden, ‘Women as Victims of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Seventeenth-Century Holland: Criminal Cases of Rape, Incest, and Maltreatment in Rotterdam and Delft’,
    Journal of Social History
    33 (2000), 624-5.
    
62. 62.Barstow,
    Witchcraze
    , p. 132.
    
63. 63.See http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/seets/rs2/.
    
64. 64.Burnet,
    Reformation
    , IV, 71, p. 505.
    
65. 65.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , pp. 56-7.
    
66. 66.Cited by Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , p. 220.
    
67. 67.Walker, ‘Rereading Rape’, 6.
    
68. 68.Byrne, ‘Sexual Deviance’.