Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business (40 page)

88
. Ian Urbina, “For Runaways, Sex Buys Survival,”
New York Times
, October 26, 2009.

89
. Michael Scott,
Street Prostitution
, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, 2001; Neil McKeganey and Marina Barnard,
Sex Work on the Streets
, Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 1996; Judith Porter and Louis Bonilla, “The Ecology of Street Prostitution,” in Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale
, 2nd ed.

90
. Barbara Heyl, “Prostitution: An Extreme Case of Sex Stratification,” in Freda Adler and Rita Simon, eds.,
The Criminology of Deviant Women
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979,
p. 198
.

91
. A New Zealand study questioned 772 street, brothel, and independent workers operating in private premises. Eight out of ten street workers began their work on the street and remained on the street at the time of the survey; 92 percent of brothel workers began their work in brothels and remained there, and 49 percent of independent call girls began as brothel workers, whereas 39 percent began as private workers. In other words, call girls were much more mobile than were the other two groups; most street and brothel workers experienced no mobility. Prostitution Law Review Committee,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008,
p. 76
.

92
. McKeganey and Barnard,
Sex Work on the Streets
,
pp. 20
–21; Barbara Heyl, “The Madam as Teacher: The Training of House Prostitutes,”
Social Problems
24 (1977): 545–555. For a list of rules governing behavior in one London brothel, see the conclusion to this autobiography: Miss S,
Confessions of a Working Girl
, Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2008.

93
. A comparison of a large sample of customers with a nationally representative sample of American men found few differences between the two populations. The customer sample was based on men arrested mostly for soliciting street prostitutes, so it was neither random nor reflective of clients of indoor venues. Therefore, the study cannot be regarded as definitive in its comparison of the client and general male samples. Martin Monto and Nick McRee, “A Comparison of the Male Customers of Female Street Prostitutes with National Samples of Men,”
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
49 (2005): 505–529.

94
. Martin Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers: Motives and Misconceptions,” in Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale
, 2nd ed. See also Teela Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex
, Portland, OR: Willan, 2008; and John Lowman and Chris Atchison, “Men Who Buy Sex: A Survey in the Greater Vancouver Regional District,”
Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology
43 (2006): 281–296.

95
. Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers,”
pp. 243
,
244
.

96
. In a British study, only 8 percent of arrested customers had a previous conviction for a sexual or violent offense: Belinda Brooks-Gordon,
The Price of Sex: Prostitution, Policy, and Society
, Portland, OR: Willan, 2006,
p. 198
.

97
. Bridget Anderson and Julia O’Connell Davidson,
Is Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven? A Multi-Country Pilot Study
, Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2003,
pp. 25
,
24
. See also Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
,
pp. 49
–52.

98
. Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers,”
p. 243
.

99
. Martha Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
, New York: Berkeley, 1974, p. 312.

100
. Interview with the director of the Foundation of Men and Prostitution, The Hague, May 29, 1998.

101
. Mary McIntosh, “Who Needs Prostitutes? The Ideology of Male Sexual Needs,” in Carol Smart and Barry Smart, eds.,
Women, Sexuality, and Social Control
, London: Rout-ledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.

102
. These diverse motives are amply documented in research studies: Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
; Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers”; Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
; McKeganey and Barnard,
Sex Work on the Streets
; Sarah Earle and Keith Sharp,
Sex in Cyberspace: Men Who Pay for Sex
, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007; Christine Milrod, “The Internet Hobbyist: Demographics and Sexual Behaviors of Male Clients of Internet Sexual Service Providers,” Ph.D. diss., Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, 2010.

103
. Charlotte Woodward, Jane Fischer, Jake Najman, and Michael Dunne,
Selling Sex in Queensland
, Brisbane, Australia: Prostitution Licensing Authority, 2004.

104
. Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
,
pp. 49
–52.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 2

1
. In Thailand, an estimated 0.7 percent work on the street. Thomas Steinfatt,
Working at the Bar: Sex Work and Health Communication in Thailand
, Westport, CT: Ablex, 2002,
p. 19
.

2
. See Prabha Kotiswaran, “Born unto Brothels: Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area,”
Law and Social Inquiry
33 (2008): 579–629; Patty Kelly,
Lydia’s Open Door: Inside Mexico’s Most Modern Brothel
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008; Kamala Kempadoo,
Sexing the Caribbean: Gender, Race, and Sexual Labor
, New York: Routledge, 2004; Kamala Kempadoo, ed.,
Sun, Sex, and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean
, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999; Denise Brennan,
What’s Love Got to Do with It? Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in the Dominican Republic
, Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.

3
. Louise Brown, “Performance, Status, and Hybridity in a Pakistani Red-Light District: The Cultural Production of the Courtesan,”
Sexualities
10 (2007): 409–423, at p. 418.

4
. Kimberly Hoang, “Economies of Emotion, Familiarity, Fantasy, and Desire: Emotional Labor in Ho Chi Minh City’s Sex Industry,”
Sexualities
13 (2010): 255–272, at
p. 266
.

5
. Institute for Population and Social Research,
2007 Survey of Sexual and Reproductive Health of Sex Workers in Thailand
, Salaya, Thailand: Mahidol University, 2007.

6
. Cleo Odzer,
Patpong Sisters: An American Woman’s View of the Bangkok Sex World
, New York: Arcade, 1994,
p. 65
.

7
. Wendy Chapkis, “Power and Control in the Commercial Sex Trade,” in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
, New York: Routledge, 2000.

8
. Julia O’Connell Davidson,
Power, Prostitution, and Freedom
, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998,
pp. 46
–58; Tiggey May, Alex Harocopos, and Michael Hough,
For Love or Money: Pimps and the Management of Prostitution
, Police Research Series 134, London: Home Office, 2000; Jennifer James, “Prostitute-Pimp Relationships,”
Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality
7 (1973): 147–160.

9
. See, for instance, Steinfatt,
Working at the Bar
,
pp. 278
,
284
; Henry Trotter,
Sugar Girls and Seamen: A Journey into the World of Dockside Prostitution in South Africa
, Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana, 2008; Tiantian Zheng,
Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China
, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009; Maria Perez-y-Perez, “Discipline, Autonomy, and Ambiguity: Organizations, Markets, and Work in the Sex Industry, Christchurch, New Zealand,” Ph.D. diss., University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2003.

10
. In Uganda, for instance, middlemen in towns along major transnational highways function as interpreters and brokers who recommend specific women based on the drivers’ preferences and protect both the clients and the workers from theft, robbery, deceit, and assault—thus acting in the interests of prostitutes and clients alike. Marjolein Gysels, R. Pool, and K. Bwanika, “Truck Drivers, Middlemen, and Commercial Sex Workers,”
AIDS Care
13 (2001): 373–385.

11
. Dawn Whittaker and Graham Hart, “Managing Risks: The Social Organization of Indoor Sex Work,”
Sociology of Health and Illness
18 (1996): 399–414.

12
. The British researchers interviewed 135 indoor prostitutes in Birmingham, Liverpool, and Sefton: Teela Sanders and Rosie Campbell, “Designing Out Vulnerability, Building In Respect,”
British Journal of Sociology
58 (2007): 1–19. The Belgian study surveyed 83 call girls and sex workers in bars, brothels, saunas, and windows: Europap,
Report Questionnaire 2001 in Belgium
, Europap, 2001.

13
. Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Ron de Graaf, Gertjan van Zessen, Cees Straver, and Jan Visser, “Professional HIV Risk Taking, Levels of Victimization, and Well-Being in Female Prostitutes in the Netherlands,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
24 (1995): 503–515.

14
. Libby Plumridge and Gillian Abel, “A Segmented Sex Industry in New Zealand: Sexual and Personal Safety of Female Sex Workers,”
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
25 (2001): 78–83, at
p. 83
.

15
. See the studies cited in Ronald Weitzer, “Sociology of Sex Work,”
Annual Review of Sociology
35 (2009): 213–234.

16
. Janet Lever and Deanne Dolnick, “Call Girls and Street Prostitutes: Selling Sex and Intimacy,” in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2010.

17
. Roberta Perkins and Frances Lovejoy,
Call Girls: Private Sex Workers in Australia
, Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2007,
p. 51
.

18
. Dolores French,
Working: My Life as a Prostitute
, New York: Dutton, 1988,
pp. 152
–153; see also Tracy Quan,
Diary of a Manhattan Call Girl
, New York: Three Rivers, 2003.

19
. Quoted in Joanne Kimberlin, “Women for Hire: Behind Closed Doors in the Escort Industry,”
Virginia-Pilot
, May 18, 2008, p. A11.

20
. Anonymous,
Secret Diary of a Call Girl
, New York: Grand Central, 2008,
p. 140
.

21
. Ine Vanwesenbeeck,
Prostitutes’ Well-Being and Risk
, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994.

22
. Sarah Romans, Kathleen Potter, Judy Martin, and Peter Herbison, “The Mental and Physical Health of Female Sex Workers,”
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
35 (2001): 75–80.

23
. John Exner, Joyce Wylie, Antonnia Leura, and Tracey Parrill, “Some Psychological Characteristics of Prostitutes,”
Journal of Personality Assessment
41 (1977): 474–485, at p. 483.

24
. Ann Lucas, “The Work of Sex Work: Elite Prostitutes’ Vocational Orientations and Experiences,”
Deviant Behavior
26 (2005): 513–546, at p. 541.

25
. Ibid., p. 523.

26
. Charlotte Woodward, Jane Fischer, Jake Najman, and Michael Dunne,
Selling Sex in Queensland
, Brisbane, Australia: Prostitution Licensing Authority, 2004,
p. 39
.

27
. Quoted in Mark Waite, “Prostitutes Dispute Trummell Charges,”
Pahrump Valley Times
(Nevada), October 5, 2007.

28
. Quoted in Alexa Albert,
Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women
, New York: Ballantine, 2001,
p. 100
.

29
. See the studies cited in Weitzer, “Sociology of Sex Work”; Ine Vanwesenbeeck, “Another Decade of Social Scientific Work on Prostitution,”
Annual Review of Sex Research
12 (2001): 242–289.

30
. Diana Prince, “A Psychological Study of Prostitutes in California and Nevada,” Ph.D. diss., U.S. International University, San Diego, California, 1986, p. 454.

31
. John Decker,
Prostitution: Regulation and Control
, Littleton, CO: Rothman, 1979,
pp. 166
,
174
.

32
. Jude Uy, Jeffrey Parsons, David Bimbi, Juline Koken, and Perry Halkitis, “Gay and Bisexual Male Escorts Who Advertise on the Internet: Understanding the Reasons for and Effects of Involvement in Commercial Sex,”
International Journal of Men’s Health
3 (2007): 11–26.

33
. Odzer,
Patpong Sisters
,
p. 78
.

34
. Heidi Hoefinger, “Professional Girlfriends: Sex Workers and the Bartering of Intimacy in Phnom Penh, Cambodia,” M.A. thesis, Hunter College, City University of New York, 2005,
p. 85
.

35
. Upscale work is featured in the CNBC television documentary “Dirty Money: The Business of High-End Prostitution,” which first aired in November 2008. See also Adam Goldman, “Scandal Gives Peek inside Call-Girl Ring,” Associated Press, March 12, 2008.

36
. Lucas, “Work of Sex Work.”

37
. Elizabeth Bernstein,
Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007,
p. 100
.

38
. Martha Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
, New York: Berkeley, 1974,
p. 25
.

39
. French,
Working
,
pp. 37
–38.

40
. Albert,
Brothel
,
p. 129
.

41
. Martin Weinberg, Frances Shaver, and Colin Williams, “Gendered Prostitution in the San Francisco Tenderloin,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
28 (1999): 503–521; Yasmina Katsulis,
Sex Work and the City: The Social Geography of Health and Safety in Tijuana, Mexico
, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008.