Lesser Beasts: A Snout-to-Tail History of the Humble Pig (26 page)

146
“Of all the domestic animals”
:
Reuben Gold Thwaites et al.,
Early Western Travels, 1748–1846
(Cleveland, OH: Clark, 1905), 3:246.

146
A traveler in Ohio in 1817 reported
:
Silas Chesebrough, “Journal of a Journey to the Westward,”
American Historical Review
37 (1931): 82–83.

147
Fordham encouraged Englishmen to seek their fortunes
:
Elias Pym Fordham,
Personal Narrative of Travels in Virginia, Maryland
 . . . (Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1906), 120, 236.

147
The western poet Charles Badger Clark captured
:
Charles Badger Clark,
Sun and Saddle Leather
(Boston: R. G. Badger, 1920), 75.

147
In early Ohio, one man observed
:
Robert Leslie Jones,
History of Agriculture in Ohio to 1880
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1983).

148
“We put shelled corn in the pen”
:
Oliver Johnson and Howard Johnson,
A Home in the Woods
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 109.

149
Abraham Lincoln described himself
:
William Barton,
The Soul of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: George H. Doran, 1920), 53.

149
Woods pigs were called razorbacks
:
Jones,
History of Agriculture in Ohio
, 121; Rudolf Clemen,
The American Livestock and Meat Industry
(New York: Ronald Press, 1923), 53; John Mack Faragher,
Sugar Creek
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 65; Allan G. Bogue,
From Prairie to Corn Belt
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 105; Mart Stewart,
“What Nature Suffers to Groe”: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680–1920
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 213; Robert Porter, William Jones, and Henry Gannett,
The West from the Census of 1880
(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1882), 309.

149
“Drops of fat dripped off it”
:
Laura Ingalls Wilder,
Little House in the Big Woods
(New York: HarperTrophy, 1971), 15–16.

149
“In all my previous life”
:
Sam Bowers Hilliard,
Hog Meat and Hoecake
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972), 39.

149
Frederick Law Olmsted, a journalist
:
Frederick Law Olmsted,
A Journey Through Texas
(New York: Dix, Edwards, 1857), 15.

150
Then he added a lament familiar
:
George William Featherstonhaugh,
Excursion Through the Slave States
(London: J. Murray, 1844), 2:109.

150
“The ordinary mode of living is abundant”
:
Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
(London: Whittaker, Treacher, 1832), 238.

150
Sites in the Ozarks dating to a few decades
:
Samuel Smith,
Historical Background and Archaeological Testing of the Davy Crockett Birthplace State Historical Area
(Nashville: Tennessee Department of Conservation, 1980); C. R. Price and J. E. Price, “Investigation of Settlement and Subsistence Systems in the Ozark Border Region of Southeast Missouri During the First Half of the 19th Century,”
Ethnohistory
28 (1981): 237–258.

150
They raised swine during the early years
:
Brian Hesse, “Pig Lovers and Pig Haters,”
Journal of Ethnobiology
10 (1990): 218.

151
In later centuries, once the herds
:
Pam Crabtree, “Sheep, Horses, Swine, and Kine,”
Journal of Field Archaeology
16 (1989): 205–213.

151
“emancipated themselves from”
:
Theodore Blegen,
Norwegian Migration to America
(Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1931), 195.

Chapter 12

153
“Here, in Ohio, they are intelligent”
:
Reuben Gold Thwaites et al.,
Early Western Travels, 1748–1846
(Cleveland, OH: Clark, 1905), 19:33.

154
It became, and remains, the agricultural heartland
:
John Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 58–59.

154
One scholar estimates that if Americans
:
Terry Jordan-Bychkov,
The American Backwoods Frontier
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 115.

156
The land, the Renicks wrote
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 60.

156
One of the Renicks later described their system
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 68.

157
After the cows had eaten
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 71; for medieval use of this feeding technique, see Irven Resnick,
Marks of Distinction
(Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2012), 170.

157
As historian Allan Bogue has explained
:
Allan G. Bogue,
From Prairie to Corn Belt
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 103.

158
A book on the early years of the Corn Belt observes
:
Paul Henlein,
Cattle Kingdom in the Ohio Valley, 1783–1860
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959), 73.

158
“Hogs don’t always carry the prestige”
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 74.

158
The hog earned the nickname
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 74.

158
“What is a hog”
:
James Parton, “Chicago,”
Atlantic Monthly
19 (1867): 331; H. C. Hill, “The Development of Chicago as a Center of the Meat Packing Industry,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
10 (1923): 260.

159
In 1790 an English agriculture writer
:
William Marshall,
The Rural Economy of the Midland Counties
(London: G. Nicol, 1790), 453.

159
A swine expert noted that the new types
:
S. White, “From Globalized Pig Breeds to Capitalist Pigs,”
Environmental History
16 (2011): 108.

160
Only the second half of the breed’s name
:
Josiah Morrow,
The History of Warren County, Ohio
(Chicago: W. H. Beers, 1882), 323–324.

160
In 1840 there were more than 26 million
:
United States Census of Agriculture: 1950
(Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census, 1951), 2:362;
Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
(London: Thom Alexander, 1868), 42.

160
In improved Corn Belt hogs
:
Alan Olmstead,
Creating Abundance
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 312–313.

160
Whereas woods hogs took two or three years
:
Margaret Walsh,
The Rise of the Midwestern Meat Packing Industry
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), 23.

160
“Nowhere in the world can such marvelous herds”
:
H. J. Carman, “English Views of Middle Western Agriculture, 1850–1870,”
Agricultural History
8 (1934): 17–18.

161
An agricultural newspaper explained
:
Rudolf Clemen,
The American Livestock and Meat Industry
(New York: Ronald Press, 1923), 58n18.

161
The Poland China dominated the early Corn Belt
:
Hudson,
Making the Corn Belt
, 84.

161
“That was the prettiest drive of anything”
:
William Lynwood Montell,
Don’t Go Up Kettle Creek
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983), 45–46; E. Coulter,
Auraria
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 21.

161
The best estimates suggest that in antebellum America
:
Sam Bowers Hilliard,
Hog Meat and Hoecake
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972), 195.

161
In 1847 one tollgate in North Carolina recorded
:
Highland Messenger
(Asheville, NC), January 14, 1842.

162
A few farmers from Lexington, Kentucky
:
Elizabeth Parr, “Kentucky’s Overland Trade with the Ante-Bellum South,”
Filson Club Quarterly
2 (1928): 72.

163
The drivers shouted, “Soo-eey”
:
Edmund Burnett, “Hog Raising and Hog Driving in the Region of the French Broad River,”
Agricultural History
20 (1946): 90.

163
The secret, one drover said
:
Montell,
Don’t Go
, 42.

163
The young Abraham Lincoln
:
William Barton,
The Soul of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: George H. Doran, 1920), 46.

164
We don’t know many details
:
Michael Ross MacKinnon, “Animal Production and Consumption in Roman Italy” (PhD diss., University of Alberta, 1999), 130–131.

164
One traveler described watching a drove
:
Thomas Searight,
The Old Pike
(Uniontown, PA: T. Searight, 1894), 142–143.

164
The largest cattle drives, from Texas to Kansas
:
Richard White, “Animals and Enterprise,” in
The Oxford History of the American West
, ed. Clyde Milner et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 260.

164
From Kentucky alone, as many as 100,000 hogs
:
Frederick Jackson Turner,
Rise of the New West, 1819–1829
(New York: Harper, 1906), 101.

164
In 1855 more than 83,000 hogs
:
Asheville News
, February 1, 1855.

164
The route through the Cumberland Gap
:
Dwight Billings,
The Road to Poverty
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 47.

Chapter 13

167
Americans, she thought, were overconfident and undereducated
:
Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
(London: Whittaker, Treacher, 1832), 12.

167
“I am sure I should have liked Cincinnati”
:
Trollope,
Domestic Manners
, 85.

168
As she was on a stroll one day
:
Trollope,
Domestic Manners
, 85.

168
“’Tis to be a slaughter-house for hogs”
:
Trollope,
Domestic Manners
, 98.

169
Dozens of midsized packers were scattered
:
Margaret Walsh,
The Rise of the Midwestern Meat Packing Industry
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), 41.

169
Just as importantly, the rivers allowed salt
:
Isaac Lippincott, “The Early Salt Trade of the Ohio Valley,”
Journal of Political Economy
20 (1912): 1034–1035.

170
By the 1870s, it had reached 6 million
:
Margaret Walsh, “Pork Packing as a Leading Edge of Midwestern Industry, 1835–1875,”
Agricultural History
51 (1977): 704.

170
“hog butcher for the world”
:
Carl Sandburg, “Chicago,” in
Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003), 3.

170
slaughtering as many as 4 million hogs
:
Walsh,
Rise
, 8.

170
With the coming of the Civil War
:
William Cronon,
Nature’s Metropolis
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 229–230.

170
In 1838, after a visit to Cincinnati
:
Harriet Martineau,
Retrospect of Western Travel
(London: Saunders and Otley, 1838), 233.

170
a reference to a famous passage in
The Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 3–4.

170
Twenty years later Frederick Law Olmsted described
:
Frederick Law Olmsted,
A Journey Through Texas
(New York: Dix, Edwards, 1857), 9.

172
Each worker had just twelve seconds
:
James Parton, “Cincinnati,”
Atlantic Monthly
20 (1867): 240–243; Charles Cist, “The Hog and Its Products,” in
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1866
, ed. J. W. Stokes (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1867), 392–396; Charles Cist,
Cincinnati Miscellany
(Cincinnati, OH: C. Clark, 1845).

172
There were two ways to make it more efficient
:
S. Giedion,
Mechanization Takes Command
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1948), 93.

173
The genius of the packers’ disassembly line
:
Henry Ford,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1922), 80–81; David E. Nye, “What Was the Assembly Line?,”
Tidsskrift for Historie
1 (2010): 59–81.

173
“Great as this wonderful city is in everything”
:
Cronon,
Nature’s Metropolis
, 207.

173
In Upton Sinclair’s
The Jungle
, a slaughterhouse employee:
Upton Sinclair,
The Jungle
(New York: Penguin: 2001), 38.