Lesser Beasts: A Snout-to-Tail History of the Humble Pig (32 page)

breeding leaner pigs,
208

corporate agriculture and the consolidation of farms,
223–225

decline of mixed farming,
223
,
250

ethical issues,
233–234

in colonial America,
136–137

industrialization,
211–215

return to traditional methods,
234–235
,
250
,
252–253

whole-animal utilization,
254–256

See also
Confinement farming

Hog wars of New York,
181–182

Hogging down a cornfield,
158

Holocene era,
32

Homesteads,
146–148

Homo erectus,
23–24

Homo sapiens,
29

Honorius of Autun,
96

Hoofed animals,
18–20
,
22

Hormel Foods,
210

Horses,
122
,
124

Humility,
12–13

Humors,
98–100

Hunter-gatherers,
27–31
,
34–35
,
39(fig.)

Hunting

as mystical act,
84

medieval warrior and hunter culture,
82–83

pig ranching in the American South,
186

training pigs for,
5

Ice age,
29–32
,
107–108

Identity

Christian release from Jewish dietary laws,
93–95

defining people by their foods,
98

Jewish avoidance of pork,
55
,
62(fig.)
,
63

Immigrant labor,
224–225

Incest, in livestock breeding,
159

Inquisition, Spanish,
102–103

Intelligence

animal welfare and pigs’ intelligence,
248–249

expensive-tissue hypothesis,
23–24

learning tasks,
5–6

omnivorousness,
22–23

pioneers’ training hogs,
148

Toby the learned pig,
6(fig.)

Intestinal system and digestion

corn,
157

expensive-tissue hypothesis,
23–24

pigs’ adaptation and evolution,
21–23

pigs’ diets influencing taste,
75

wolves,
37

Iowa Swine Producers Association,
205–206

Iron Age,
49
,
150

Irrigation agriculture,
45

Islam,
10
,
54–55
,
102–103

Israelites,
52
,
54
,
57–64
,
142

Ivanhoe
(Scott),
105–106

Jamaica,
122

Johnson, Samuel,
5

Jonson, Ben,
110

Judaism

Christian release from dietary laws,
93–95

European anti-Semitism,
100–101

forced conversion of Muslims and Jews,
102–103

Jesus’ account of pigs,
92

pork prohibition,
10
,
53–55
,
57–64
,
91

role of pigs in European anti-Semitism,
97–98

Roman pork feasting,
66–67

sanitation rules,
49

Jude the Obscure
(Hardy),
191–192

Judensau,
98

The Jungle
(Sinclair),
173–174
,
195–196
,
199

Juvenal,
63

Kaintuck (Kentucky) Hog Road,
164

Killer pigs,
97–98

Kom el-Hisn, Egypt,
44

Lagoons, manure,
225–227

Lambs, religious significance of,
91

Land seizure, British,
134

Lard,
86–87
,
141
,
176
,
209
,
210(fig.)
.
See also
Pork

Larder,
85

Lard-type breeds,
208–209

Latin America.
See
Central America
;
South America

Legal code in Gaul,
80

Leslie, Eliza,
178

Leviticus, Book of,
19
,
54
,
58
,
60–61
,
142

Life-cycle housing,
215–217

Lincoln, Abraham,
149
,
163

Linguistic history,
105–106

Little House in the Big Woods
(Wilder),
149
,
191

Lope de Vega, Félix,
103

Lower class.
See
Social class

Lust,
92–93
,
100

Luter, Joseph W.,
224

Luther, Martin,
98

Maccabees, Books of the,
60–61
,
63

Mad cow disease,
222

Maialino restaurant,
251

Maimonides,
98

Malthus, Thomas,
107

Mammal evolution,
17–19

Mangalitsa breed,
250

Manure

exploding,
226

fertilizer,
107
,
115–116
,
176

lagoons,
225–227

Mao Zedong,
116

Markham, Gervase,
111

Marking territory,
238

Martial,
70

Martineau, Harriet,
170

Mast, as pig food,
81
,
125
,
149
,
175
,
186

Mather, Cotton,
142

McGlone, John,
257

McKissick, Casey,
254

Meat Inspection Act,
199

Medieval Warm Period,
107

Merchant shipping: Chinese pigs,
117

Mercy for Animals,
248
,
250

Mesopotamia,
45–46
,
51
,
54–56

Metamorphoses
(Ovid),
83

Mexico, conquest of,
126

Michaux, François André,
146

Middle Ages

civilization and culture,
82–83

cuisine,
84–85

curing meat,
85–86

food security fluctuations,
106–107

migration and evolution of pigs,
79–82

pig trials,
96–98
,
99(fig.)

pigs in myths,
83–84

preserving and utilizing lard,
86–87

scavenging behavior in pigs,
94–95

shifting attitudes towards pigs,
89–91

Middlemarch
(Eliot),
190

Migration from the Near East to northern Europe,
78–79

Mixed farming,
233
,
250

Model T Ford,
172–173

Modern Meat
(Schell),
222

Murphy, Wendell,
224

Myoglobin,
218

Native Americans

acquisition of pigs,
140–143

colonial farming techniques,
135–136

curing meat,
85

English colonization of North America,
131–132

European diseases killing off,
123

resistance to British civilizing agendas,
140

Natural (US Department of Agriculture standard),
243

Nebraska Man,
15–16
,
21(fig.)

Neolithic era,
27–28
,
37–40
,
39(fig.)
,
68
,
114–116

Nest-building by pigs,
238–239

New England.
See
Colonial New England

New York City: hog wars,
181–184

Niche meats,
245–246

Niman, Bill,
243–245

Niman Ranch,
243–245

Nomadic peoples,
55–56

North America

colonization by Spanish pigs,
126–127

supplying salt pork to South America,
128–129

See also
Colonial New England
;
Corn Belt
;
Pioneers

North Atlantic Drift Current,
78

The Odyssey,
13

Oil development,
209

Old English hog,
114

Olive oil,
87

Olmsted, Frederick Law,
149–150
,
170–171

Omnivore’s Dilemma
(Pollan),
222

Omnivorous appetite

domestication,
29
,
40–41

humans’ anxiety over scavenging,
11–13

humans’ similarities to pigs,
17

killer pigs,
97–98

mad cow disease,
222

pig trials resulting from,
97

pigs’ adaptation and evolution,
22–23

On Cooking,
69–70

Open-range ranching

American South,
185–187

Corn Belt farmers,
157

early Native Americans,
140–143

early North American pigs,
137–140

global meat trade,
179

Ordinances governing pigs,
95–96
,
101

Organ meats,
176

Organic

European Union standard,
242

US Department of Agriculture standard),
243

Orwell, George,
5
,
46

Osborn, Henry Fairfield,
14

Ossabaw breed,
250

The “other white meat,” pork as,
207–208
,
210(fig.)
,
218–219
,
247
.
See also
Pork

Overlaying,
217

Ovid,
83

Paleolithic tribes,
78

Palestine, appearance of pigs in,
150

Pasture access,
244–245

Peace
(Aristophanes),
50–51

Peasant class.
See
Social class

Peccaries,
16
,
19–20
,
122

Perissodactyla,
18–20

Persian conquest,
63

Petronius,
65–66

Pets,
33
,
36–37
,
189

Pew Charitable Trusts,
241

Pharmaceutical companies: antibiotic production,
212

Philistines,
150

Phoebus, Gaston,
83

Pig clubs,
190

Pig park study,
237–238

Pigsty-privy combination,
49–51

Pioneers,
145–151
,
154–158

Pizarro, Francisco,
125–126

Plantation economy,
187

Pliny the Elder,
5
,
9

Plow, invention of,
45

Plutarch,
70–71

Poland China breed,
160–161
,
209

Pollan, Michael,
222

Porchetta di testa,
254

Pork

attitudes toward pork,
68
,
197
,
199–206
,
218
,
247–248

barreled pork,
175

consumption of

dietary laws, religious

etymology of,
105

flavor similar to that of human flesh,
100–101

marketing,
197
,
200–202
,
207–208
,
245–246

nutritional value,
6–7

pickled pork,
175–176
,
178

and sex,
110–111
,
252

shock value of,
251–252

smoked pork,
9
,
85–86
,
175

symbol of Christian faith,
93–95
,
103–104

the “other white meat,”
207–208
,
210(fig.)
,
218–219
,
247

See also
Bacon
;
Cured meats
;
Ham
;
Headcheese
;
Lard
;
Sausage
;
Social Class

Pork prohibitions,
10
,
13–14
,
51
,
53–55
,
59–60
,
91–94
,
98–103
,
142

Pork packing industry

automation of,
170–173

by-product utilization,
173–177

corporate agriculture and the consolidation of farms,
224–225

public dissatisfaction,
197–202

slaughter and shipping,
168–170

Porkettes,
205–206

Potatoes, European cultivation of,
179

Poultry

as pork competitor,
207–208

global production and consumption boom,
235–236

increasing consumption,
218

increasing production in developing countries,
235–236

mechanized production,
213–215

Property, pigs as,
89–90
,
138–139

Punic Wars,
69

Puritans, pork, and sex,
110–111

Purity laws, Jewish,
57–58

Pyramids,
43–44
,
48

Railroads,
162
,
185

Raleigh, Walter,
131

Raleigh News and Observer,
222

Ramses III,
51

Reconquista (Spain),
102

Regulation,
197–199

Religious traditions

forced conversion of Muslims and Jews,
102–103

Mesopotamian culture,
45

pigs as filthy animals,
51