Liars and Outliers (51 page)

steering contracts to
Charlie Savage (11 Sep 2008), “Sex, Drug Use and Graft Cited in Interior Department,”
New York Times.
Earl E. Devaney (9 Sep 2008), “OIG Investigations of MMS Employees,” memorandum to Secretary Dirk Kempthorne from the Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of the Interior.

Federal Aviation Administration
Mark C. Niles (2002), “On the Hijacking of Agencies (And Airplanes): The Federal Aviation Administration, ‘Agency Capture,’ and Airline Security,”
Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law,
10:381–442. John Downer (2010), “Trust and Technology: The Social Foundations of Aviation Regulation,”
The British Journal of Sociology,
61:83–106. Johanna Neumann (3 Apr 2008), “FAA's ‘Culture of Coziness' Targeted in Airline Safety Hearing,”
Los Angeles Times.

Securities and Exchange
Susan E. Woodward (1998), “Regulatory Capture at the Securities and Exchange Commission,” prepared for the Milken Institute Conference on Capital Markets, March 16, 1998, Santa Monica, California. Mark Quintyn and Michael W. Taylor (2002), “Regulatory and Supervisory Independence and Financial Stability,” International Monetary Fund Working Paper 02–46. Nicholas Dorn (2010), “The Governance of Securities: Ponzi Finance, Regulatory Convergence, Credit Crunch,”
British Journal of Criminology
, 50:23–45.

illegally spying
James Risen and Eric Lichtblau (16 Dec 2005), “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers without Courts,”
New York Times. American Civil Liberties Union et al. v. National Security Agency et al
. (18 Aug 2006), Order, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Case No. 06-CV-10204.
American Civil Liberties Union et al. v. National Security Agency et al
. (4 Oct 2006), Order, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, Case Nos. 06–2095/2140. Charlie Savage and James Risen (31 Mar 2010), “Federal Judge Finds N.S.A. Wiretaps Were Illegal,”
New York Times. Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc., et al., v. Barack H. Obama, et al
. (31 Mar 2010), Opinion, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Case No. C 07–0109 VRW.

authorizing the torture
Jane Mayer (13 Aug 2007), “The Black Sites,”
The New Yorker.
Daniel Nasaw (24 Aug 2009), “Newly Released CIA Report Details Interrogation Techniques,”
The Guardian.
Associated Press (14 Jun 2011), “New Scrutiny of CIA Torture, Botched Rendition,”
CBS News.
Eric Lichtblau and Eric Schmitt (1 Jul 2011), “U.S. Widens Inquiries into 2 Jail Deaths,”
New York Times.

right to assassinate
John Griffing (5 Oct 2011), “Obama, the Hitman: Killing Due Process,”
The American Thinker.

court rejected EPIC's
Electronic Privacy Information Center (15 Jul 2011), “Federal Appeals Court: TSA Violated Federal Law, Must Take Public Comment on Body Scanners,” press release.
EPIC v. DHS
(15 Jul 2011), Opinion, Case No. 10N1157 (filed Nov 1, 2010), DC Circuit Court of Appeals.

Chapter 15

people paying taxes
Luigi Bosco and Luigi Mittone (1997), “Tax Evasion and Moral Constraints: Some Experimental Evidence,”
Kyklos,
50:297–324.

a lot of fraud
U.S. Department of the Treasury (2006), “IRS Updates Tax Gap Estimates,” Informational release IR-2006–28.

third-party estimate
Edgar L. Feige and Richard Cebula (2011), “America's Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S.,” Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 29672.

cheating on their taxes
James A. Tackett, Joe Antenucci, and Fran Wolf (2006), “A Criminological Perspective of Tax Evasion,”
Tax Notes,
110:654–8.

reasons people cheat
Stuart P. Green (2009), “What Is Wrong With Tax Evasion?”
Houston Business & Tax Journal,
9:220–33.

very little enforcement
U.S. Department of the Treasury (2008),
IRS Oversight Board Annual Report 2007
.

IRS examined less
Department of the Treasury (2008), Internal Revenue Service Data Book 2007.

Corporate audits are down
Transactional Records Access Clearing House (2008), “Audits of Largest Corporations Slide to All Time Low.”

increasing the penalties
Mukhtar M. Ali, H. Wayne Cecil, and James A. Knoblett (2001), “The Effects of Tax Rates and Enforcement Policies on Taxpayer Compliance: A Study of Self-Employed Taxpayers,”
Atlantic Economics Journal,
29:186–202.

increases compliance
Robert Halperin and Joseph Tzur (2002), “Tax Evasion and the Low Penalty, Low Audit Rate Phenomenon,”
Journal of Accounting & Public Policy
, 9:179–96.

Second, it's profitable
Patricia Sabatini (25 Mar 2007), “Tax Cheats Cost U.S. Hundreds of Billions,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

failing to declare
Richard S. Dunham (15 Apr 1998), “Maybe Those Meanies at the IRS Aren't So Bad After All,”
Business Week.

demonized taxes
Robert W. McGee (2004),
The Philosophy of Taxation and Public Finance
, Springer-Verlag.

these reasons interact
Edgar L. Feige and Richard Cebula (2011), “America's Underground Economy: Measuring the Size, Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S.,” Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 29672 (Jan 2011).

blamed income inequality
Kim M. Bloomquist (2003), “Tax Evasion, Income Inequality and Opportunity Costs of Compliance,” Paper presented at the 96th Annual Conference of the National Tax Association.

carried-interest tax
Nicholas Kristof (6 Jul 2011), “Taxes and Billionaires,”
New York Times
. Laura Saunders (6 Aug 2011), “'Carried Interest' in the Cross Hairs,”
Wall Street Journal
.

investment tax credit
Don MacKenzie, Louise Bedsworth, and David Friedman (2005), “Fuel Economy Fraud: Closing the Loopholes That Increase U.S. Oil Dependence,” Union of Concerned Scientists. Jim Hopkins (10 Feb 2004), “SUV Sales Climb on Tax Loophole,”
USA Today.

lost federal revenue
Scott Horsley (30 Jun 2011), “What Tax ‘Loopholes’ Does Obama Want to Close?” National Public Radio.

perceive tax evasion
Erich Kirchler, Boris Maciejovsky, and Friedrich Schneider (2003), “Everyday Representations of Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, and Tax Flight: Do Legal Differences Matter?”
Journal of Economic Psychology,
24:535–53.

just as immoral
Zoë Prebble and John M. Prebble (2010), “The Morality of Tax Avoidance,”
Creighton Law Review,
20:101–58.

first people arrested
Bradley S. Davis (1994), “It's Virus Season Again, Has Your Computer Been Vaccinated? A Survey of Computer Crime Legislation as a Response to Malevolent Software,”
Washington University Law Quarterly,
72:410–40. Patrick J. Leahy (1992), “New Laws for New Technologies: Current Issues Facing the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law,”
Harvard Journal of Law & Technology,
5:1–23.

laws regulating surveillance
Valerie Caproni (17 Feb 2011), “Going Dark: Lawful Electronic Surveillance in the Face of New Technologies,” testimony before the House Judiciary Committee.

legalization of abortion
John J. Donohue III and Steven D. Levitt, “The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime,”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
116:379–420.

unintended consequences
Thomas P. Bonczar and Allen J. Beck (1997), “Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison,” Special Report NCJ-160092, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Heather C. West, William J. Sabol, and Sarah J. Greenman (2010), “Prisoners in 2009,” Report NCJ 231675, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Bruce Western and Christopher Wildeman (2009), “The Black Family and Mass Incarceration,”
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
621:221–42.

increasing shoplifting
Kerry Segrave (2001),
Shoplifting: A Social History,
Mcfarland & Co.

fewer bicycle riders
Maxwell H. Cameron, A. Peter Vulcan, Caroline F. Finch, and Stuart V. Newstead (1994). “Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Use Following a Decade of Helmet Promotion in Victoria, Australia: An Evaluation,”
Accident Analysis & Prevention,
26:325–7. Dorothy L. Robinson (2007), “Bicycle Helmet Legislation: Can We Reach a Consensus?”
Accident Analysis & Prevention,
39:86–93. Christopher S. Carpenter and Mark F. Stehr (2010), “Intended and Unintended Effects of Youth Bicycle Helmet Laws,” NBER Working Paper No. 15658, National Bureau of Economic Research.

chilling effect on
Electronic Frontier Foundation (2008), “Unintended Consequences: Ten Years Under DMCA.”

increased violence
Dan Werb, Greg Rowell, Gordon Guyatt, Thomas Kerr, Julio Montaner, and Evan Wood (2011), “Effect of Drug Law Enforcement on Drug Market Violence: A Systematic Review,”
International Journal of Drug Policy,
22:87–94.

trade-off between
Bruce Schneier (2003),
Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World
, Copernicus Books, Chapter 1.

different characteristics
Bruce Schneier (2003),
Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World
, Copernicus Books, Chapter 5.

unit pricing was
Laetitia B. Mulder, Eric van Dijk, David De Cremer, and Henk A.M. Wilke (2006), “When Sanctions Fail to Increase Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: Considering the Presence of an Alternative Option to Defect,”
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin,
32:1312–24. Marie Lynn Miranda and Joseph E. Aldy (1998), “Unit Pricing of Residential Municipal Waste: Lessons From Nine Case Studies,”
Journal of Environmental Management,
52:79–93.

Stuffing more trash
Don Fullerton and Thomas C. Kinneman (1996), “Household Responses to Pricing Garbage by the Bag,”
The American Economic Review,
86:971–84.

based on perceived
Bruce Schneier (3 Apr 2008), “The Difference Between Feeling and Reality in Security,”
Wired News
.

Natural Biases
Barry Glassner (1999),
The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things,
Basic Books. Paul Slovic (2000),
The Perception of Risk,
Earthscan Publications. Daniel Gilbert (2 Jul 2006), “If Only Gay Sex Caused Global Warming,”
Los Angeles Times
. Jeffrey Kluger (26 Nov 2006), “How Americans Are Living Dangerously,”
Time
. Cass Sunstein and Richard Zeckhauser (2011), “Overreaction to Fearsome Risks,”
Environmental & Resource Economics,
48:435–49.

John Mueller wrote
John Mueller (2004), “A False Sense of Insecurity?”
Regulation,
27:42–6.

exaggerate the risk
John Mueller (2006),
Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why We Believe Them
, Free Press.

tolerance for risk
Meir Statman (2010), “The Cultures of Risk Tolerance,”
Social Sciences Research Network Behavioral & Experimental Finance eJournal
, 1–23.

income inequality
Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson (2011),
The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger
, Bloomsbury Press.

false confessions
Saul M. Kassin, “False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Implications for Reform,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science,
17: 249–53. Jennifer T. Perillo and Saul M. Kassin (2011), “Inside Interrogation: The Lie, The Bluff, and False Confessions,”
Law & Human Behavior,
35:327–37.

teachers cheated on
Jack Gillum and Marisol Bello (30 Mar 2011), “When Standardized Test Scores Soared in D.C., Were the Gains Real?”
USA Today
.

analysis of test data
Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt (2003), “Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating,”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
118:843–77. Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt (2003), “Catching Cheating Teachers: The Results of an Unusual Experiment in Implementing Theory,” in William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack, eds.,
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs,
Brookings Institution Press, 185–220.

If you pay CEOs
Joel Spolsky (2001), “Measurement,”
Joel on Software
.

even more overfishing
British Broadcasting Corporation (5 Apr 2006), “River Patrol to Halt Eel Poachers,”
BBC News.
Steven Morris (28 May 2010), “Poachers Devastate Somerset's Elver Fisheries,”
The Guardian
. Caroline Wyatt (11 Apr 2005), “Asia Demand Threatens French Eels,”
BBC News.
Adam Sage (13 Dec 2007), “Eel Poachers Put ‘White Gold' on Critical List,”
Times
. Bob Ritchie and Dan McKiernan (1999), “Environmental Police Prepare for ‘Glass Eel' Poaching Season,”
Massachusetts Department of Marine Fisheries DMF News,
19:6. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, American Eel Plan Development Team (2000), “Interstate Fishery Management Plan for American Eel (
Anguilla rostrata
),” Fishery Management Report No. 36. Samuel J. Baldwin (11 May 2011), “Glass Eels Hit $950 Per Pound,”
The Lincoln County News
.