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42
.  Crick (1963a), p. 198.
43
.  Crick (1963a), p. 202.
44
.  Crick (1966a), p. 5.
45
.  Crick (1963a), pp. 213–14.
46
.  A number of Watson’s colleagues, including the joker Seymour Benzer, sent Watson a congratulatory telegram that concluded ‘PLEASE DONT REFUSE’
http://libgallery.cshl.edu/items/show/46113
.
47
.  Nirenberg
et al.
(1963).
48
.  Nirenberg
et al.
(1963), p. 557.
49
.  Speyer
et al.
(1963).
50
.  Ochoa (1964).
51
.  Nirenberg and Leder (1964).
52
.  Heaton (2010), pp. 26, 31.
53
.  Heaton (2010), pp. 29–30.
54
.  Crick (1966b), p. 554.
55
.  Söll
et al.
(1965).
56
.  Salas et al. (1965). For a contemporaneous review, see Stent (1966).
57
.  Clark and Marcker (1966).
58
.  Friedberg (2010), p. 150.
59
.  Yanofsky
et al.
(1964).
60
.  Brenner
et al.
(1967).
61
.  Subak-Sharpe
et al.
(1966), Woese
et al.
(1966).
62
.  Crick (1966a), p. 3.
63
.  Jacob (1977).
64
.
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/JJBCCQ_.jpg
.
65
.  Stent (1968a).
66
.  Yčas (1969), p. 284.
67
.  Jacob (2011).
68
.  Cairns (1966).
Chapter 12
1
.  Monod and Jacob (1961), p. 393.
2
.  Crick (1970), p. 561.
3
.  Lewin (1974).
4
.  Chow
et al.
(1977), Klessig (1977), Dunn and Hassell (1977), Lewis
et al.
(1977), Berk and Sharp (1977), Berget
et al.
(1977).
5
.  Gilbert (1978), Crick (1979), Witkowski (1988).
6
.  Gilbert (1978).
7
.  Boyce
et al.
(1991), Fedorov
et al.
(1992), Hong
et al.
(2006).
8
.  Henikoff
et al.
(1986).
9
.  Crick (1979).
10
.  Burnet (1956), p. 22.
11
.  Crick (1959).
12
.  Rogozin
et al.
(2012).
13
.  Schmucker
et al.
(2000), Neves
et al.
(2004).
14
.  Lah
et al.
(2014).
15
.  Barrell
et al.
(1979).
16
.  Sapp (2009).
17
.  Archibald (2014).
18
.  Lane and Martin (2010), McInerney
et al.
(2014), Yong (2014).
19
.  Sánchez-Silva
et al.
(2003).
20
.  Hatfield and Gladyshev (2002), Srinivasan
et al.
(2002), Hao
et al.
(2002), Lobanov
et al.
(2006).
21
.  Kryukov
et al.
(2003).
22
.  Berry
et al.
(1993).
23
.  Rinke
et al.
(2013), Ivanova
et al.
(2014).
24
.  Starck et al. (2012).
25
.  Cavalcanti and Landweber (2004).
26
.  Lozupone
et al.
(2001), Lekomtsev
et al.
(2007).
27
.  Ring and Cavalcanti (2007).
28
.  Lajoie
et al.
(2013a, b).
29
.  Lane (2009).
30
.  Theobald (2010).
31
.  Holley
et al.
(1965).
32
.  Sanger (1988), p. 22. See García-Sancho (2010) for how Sanger’s sequencing strategy changed as he moved from proteins to DNA.
33
.  Sanger
et al.
(1977), van Noorden
et al.
(2014).
34
.  Sanger
et al.
(1978).
35
.  Rabinow (1996). For Mullis’s account of how he came up with the method see
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html
.
36
.  Chien
et al.
(1976).
37
.  Zagorski (2006).
38
.  Botstein
et al.
(1980).
39
.  García-Sancho (2012).
40
.  Davies (2002), Sulston and Ferry (2002), Shreeve (2004), Ashburner (2006), Venter (2007).
41
.  The transcript of the ceremony, which includes some creepy banter between Clinton and Blair, can be found here:
http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0006/26/bn.01.html
.
42
.  Lander
et al.
(2001), Venter
et al.
(2001).
43
.
The Guardian,
13 June 2013.
44
.
The Guardian,
5 September 2014. Bizarrely, the court allowed patenting of genes only in material that has been removed from the human body. How else would the sequence be determined?
45
.  Mardis (2008), Schuster (2008).
46
.  Li
et al.
(2010), Worley and Gibbs (2010).
47
.  For microbes there is
Genome Announcements,
http://genomea.asm.org/
.
48
.  Lim
et al.
(2014).
49
.  Hayden (2014).
50
.
MIT Technological Review,
September 2014.
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/531091/emtech-illumina-says-228000-human-genomes-will-be-sequenced-this-year/
.
51
.  Genome of the Netherlands consortium (2014).
52
.
http://cancergenome.nih.gov
.
53
.  Callaway (2014b).
54
.  Philippe
et al.
(2011).
55
.
http://www.genomesonline.org
. For how to sequence a genome, see
http://sciblogs.co.nz/tuataragenome/2013/06/25/first-find-your-tuatara-or-how-to-sequence-a-genome/
.
56
.  Neale
et al.
(2014).
57
.  Bennett and Moran (2013).
58
.  McCutcheon and Moran (2011).
59
.  Woese and Fox (1977a, b). For an analysis of Woese’s work and its implications, see Sapp (2009).
60
.  Williams
et al.
(2013), McInerney
et al.
(2014).
61
.  Axelsson
et al.
(2013), Freedman
et al.
(2014).
62
.  Moroz
et al.
(2014).
63
.  Regier
et al.
(2010).
64
.  Crick (1958), p. 142. For historical analyses of the significance of this approach, see Stevens (2013) and Suárez-Díaz (2014).
65
.
http://timetree.org
. The app is also called Timetree.
66
.  Orlando
et al.
(2013).
67
.  Penney
et al.
(2013).
68
.  Shapiro and Hofreiter (2014).
69
.  Pääbo (2014).
70
.  Krings
et al.
(1997), Green
et al.
(2010).
71
.  Fu
et al.
(2014).
72
.  Higham
et al.
(2014).
73
.  Sankararaman
et al.
(2014), Vernot and Akey (2014).
74
.  Prüfer
et al.
(2014).
75
.  Reich
et al.
(2010).
76
.  Jeong
et al.
(2014).
77
.  Huerta-Sánchez
et al.
(2014).
78
.  Hammer
et al.
(2011), Callaway (2014a), Prüfer
et al.
(2014).
79
.
New York Times,
3 June 2003.
80
.  Ezkurdia
et al.
(2014).
81
.  Britten and Davidson (1969).
82
.  Morange (2008).
83
.  Morris and Mattick (2014).
84
.  RIKEN
et al.
(2005).
85
.  Corden
et al.
(1980).
86
.  Keller (2000), Gerstein
et al.
(2007).
87
.  See
Chapter 9
.
88
.  Pearson (2006).
89
.  Coyne (2000), Wain
et al.
(2002).
90
.  Kishida
et al.
(2007).
91
.  Doolittle and Sapienza (1980).
92
.  Fechotte and Pritham (2007).
93
.  Sasidharan and Gerstein (2008).
94
.  Cornelis
et al.
(2014).
95
.  Thomas (1971), Gregory (2001).
96
.  Palazzo and Gregory (2014).
97
.
http://judgestarling.tumblr.com/post/64504735261/the-origin-of-junk-dna-a-historical-whodunnit
.
98
.  ENCODE Project Consortium (2012). See
http://www.nature.com/encode/
and
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/09/05/encode-the-rough-guide-to-the-human-genome
. Birney’s own view:
http://genomeinformatician.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/encode-my-own-thoughts.html
.
99
.  Pennisi (2012);
New York Times,
5 September 2012;
The Guardian,
5 September 2012.
100
.  Eddy (2012). Probably the most outspoken critic has been Dan Graur:
http://judgestarling.tumblr.com
, Graur
et al.
(2013), Bhattacharjee (2014). See also Doolittle
et al.
(2014) and Larry Moran’s blog,
http://sandwalk.blogspot.co.uk
. Germain
et al.
(2014) are supportive of ENCODE’s approach from a philosophical point of view.
101
.  ENCODE Project Consortium (2012), p. 57.
102
.  Eddy (2013).
103
.  White
et al.
(2013).
104
.
http://thefinchandpea.com/2013/07/17/using-a-null-hypothesis-to-find-function-in-the-genome/
.
105
.  Kellis
et al.
(2014).
Chapter 13
1
.  Crick (1957), pp. 198–200.
2
.  Anonymous (1970), p. 1198.
3
.  Watson (1965), Keyes (1999a). In the final chapter of his book, Watson discussed the possibility that cancer might involve exceptions to the central dogma; this was noted at the time, but seems to have been forgotten since (Sonneborn, 1965).
4
.  Crick (1970), p. 562.
5
.  Temin (1971), p. iv.
6
.  Crick (1970), p. 562. In a letter to Temin, Crick said that his classification of the various kinds of information transfer, including the apparent special exceptions, was ‘tentative, and may need revision from time to time’. Crick to Temin, 3 August 1970.

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