Life's Greatest Secret (71 page)
Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
67
Chemical Basis of Heredity symposium, 1956
131
,
161–3
chloroplasts
224
Chow, Louise
221
chromosomes
base pair frequencies
296
call for multidisciplinary research on
9
crossing over
4
defined
316
discovery
3
information content
148
mapping gene locations
4–5
nucleic acids in
42–3
,
60–1
perfect replication of
6
,
11
role in cell division and heredity
3–4
Schrödinger’s idea of
14
seen as coded tapes
81
ciliates
225
,
227
circular causality
see
feedback systems
cistrons, mutons and recons
162
Cleland, Carol
276
Clinton, Bill (US President)
233
co-evolution hypothesis
293–4
codes
chromosome tape (Dancoff and Quastler)
81
Crick on DNA as
110
diamond code (Gamow)
114–16
,
118
,
120
,
122
encoded telephone link
26
Shannon’s view of
78
specialised meaning in biology
300–2
Stern’s ‘gene code’
70–1
see also
genetic code
code-script idea (Schrödinger)
13–19
,
80
coding problem
bacterial protein synthesis and
153–4
Brenner’s predictions
172
commaless code restrictions
178–9
,
189
,
206–7
of complementary DNA strands
200
Crick’s 1959 summary
174
Crick’s 1961 summary
193–4
Crick’s 1962 summary
205–6
Crick’s 1966 summary
214
polynucleotide approach
174–6
,
196–7
retrospective of work on
216–18
and the RNA Tie Club
118
and ‘the magic twenty’
117
,
179
theoretical work on
124
,
143
,
200–1
codons
anticodons and
211–12
,
293
,
316
coinage of the term
203
confirmed as triplets
209
early preponderance of uridine in RNA
199
,
201–2
,
204
frequency of alternative codons
294–5
nature of link to amino acids
292–4
nonsense codons
213
stop codons
213
codon bias
294–5
codon capture model
226
cognitive ability
305
Cohen, Seymour
55
Cohn, Melvin
153n
,
159
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Al Hershey at
67
,
69
Barbara McClintock at
245
Monod’s visit
151–2
,
220
phage course
151
,
183
Richard Roberts at
223
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
1941: Genes and Chromosomes: Structure and Organization
42
1946: Heredity and Variation in Microorganisms
55
1947: Nucleic Acids and Nucleoproteins
53
,
55–6
1948: Biological Applications of Tracer Elements
53
1951: Genes and Mutations
62
1953: Viruses
117
1961: Cellular Regulatory Mechanisms
168
,
171–2
,
175
,
182–3
,
187
,
190
1963: Synthesis and Structure of Macromolecules
207–8
1966: The Genetic Code
214
1977: Chromatin
221
,
223
importance
217
colinearity
absence in eukaryotes
221
DNA sequence and protein structure
213
,
220
see also
introns
Collins, Francis
232–3
commaless codes
178–9
,
189
,
206–7
communication
as characterised by variable information
25
in control systems
30
uncertainty in messages
26
complementary base pairing
106
,
109
,
112
,
290
complementary DNA (cDNA)
232
,
252
complementary replication
101–2
computers
Gamow’s access to
120
model for genes
300
,
312
model for organisms
147
in next-generation sequencing
235
stored-program
26
,
30
von Neumann’s designs
29–30
,
142
Connolly, Kevin
255
constitutive bacterial strains
156
,
160
Copley, Shelley
276
Correns, Carl
3
Crabbe, John
304
Crick, Francis
on anticodon wobbles
211
banned from further DNA work
100
,
105
character and meeting with Watson
97–8
character and meeting with Wilkins
89–90
coding problem reviews
174
,
193–4
,
205–6
,
214
on commaless codes
178–9
comparison with Oppenheimer
217
disproving diamond code idea
120–1
impressions made on Jacob
130
impressions of Gamow
118
,
121
inspiration by Schrödinger’s
What is life?
18
,
89
on Jacob and Monod
155
lecture on the central dogma
130–1
,
135–6
,
140–1
,
152–3
,
239
,
250
letter to his son
110
letter to Nirenberg over press coverage
197
letter to Temin
264
Life Itself
book
287
on mathematical approaches to the genetic code
201–2
on ‘minimum experimental facts’
99–100
Nobel Prize
207
on the origins of the genetic code
292
overview of the genetic code work
214–15
reaction to Burnet’s book
134–5
,
139
reaction to Nirenberg’s discoveries
186–7
,
192–5
reaction to the discovery of prions
254
at the Royaumont colloquium
203
Scientific American
article
131–2
,
135
,
139
on the sequence hypothesis
133
,
263
,
294
on the synthetic polynucleotide approach
205–6
on the three flows of protein synthesis
135–6
,
306
on triplet codes
192–3
,
197
X-ray diffraction expertise
95
Crick, Michael (son of FC)
110
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)
282–5
,
316
crocodiles, sex determination
300
,
304
crossing over, in chromosomes
4
cryptography
26–7
,
143
crystals
one-dimensional aperiodic
15–17
,
80
,
113
unit cell of DNA
100
,
104–5
crystal growth
prion action resembling
254
replication model
7
,
15
crystallography
316
see also
X-rays
‘cybernetics’
Bar-Hillel on
144
coinage of the term
74
de Broglie on
82
defined
316
link with genetics
80–1
,
119
,
149–50
,
159
,
306–7
Monod on
306–7
national differences in approach
81–3
resurgence of interest in
307
satirised
87–8
,
88f
Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine,
by Norbert Wiener
73–8
cytosine
deamination
290
methylation
256–8
see also
pyrimidines
D
D-2 section, NRDC
21
,
27
,
77
Dancoff, Sydney
81
,
85
dangers
regulation and
284–5
synthetic biology and genetic engineering
279–80
,
284
of using metaphors
313
xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs)
275
,
285
Darwin, Charles
138
,
216
,
260
data storage using DNA
271–2
Davidson, Eric
243
Davies, David
274
de Broglie, Louis
82
de Latil, Pierre
82
de Souza, Francis
236
de Valera, Éamon
11
de Vries, Hugo
3
deamination of cytosine
290
decibans
26
Delbrück, Max
George Gamow and
32–3
,
113
at mathematical problems symposium
175
models of DNA replication
163–4
,
227
Nobel Prize
215
phage course
151
,
183
as ‘phage group’ member
60
,
63
,
65
reaction to Avery’s discoveries
63
,
65–6
reaction to cybernetics
83
reaction to Matthaei’s discoveries
183
,
186
reaction to the α-helix
95
reaction to
What is life?
17–18
at Royaumont
203
Three-Man Paper contribution
5–6
virus studies
8
Watson letters to
97–8
,
112
see also
phage group
;
Three-Man Paper
Delbucco, Renato
252
Denisovans
241–2
‘derepression of repression’
257
‘Determinism and free will’ according to Schrödinger
16
diamond code (Gamow)
114–16
,
115f
,
118
,
120
,
122
dideoxy sequencing
228
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