Madison's Music (39 page)

     
democracy and,
69–75

     
Equal Protection Clause and,
69

     
Republican Party and,
73

     
“safe-harbor” provision in,
189

California, blanket primary in,
58
,
228n7

campaign finance,
20–21

     
Buckley v. Valeo
and,
63–68
,
82

     
Citizens United v. FEC
and,
69
,
70–71

     
corporations and,
69
,
70–71
,
73
,
79–82

     
corruption and,
67

     
for democracy,
148–49

     
disclosure loopholes for,
79
,
232n46

     
First Amendment and,
66
,
67
,
79–82

     
Free Press Clause and,
71–72
,
80

     
Free Speech Clause and,
64–66

     
in New York City,
92

     
pure speech and,
64–65

     
Supreme Court and,
20–21
,
39
,
61–69
,
79–82

     
tax credit for,
92

Carter, Jimmy,
112

caucuses, in House of Representatives,
91

censorship

     
by Adams, John,
6
,
175
,
185

     
of antislavery,
31
,
226n2

     
in democracy,
9

     
First Amendment and,
185

     
by government,
9
,
122
,
125
,
233n18

     
by religion,
99

chaplains

     
in Congress,
143

     
in military,
142–43

Chase, Samuel,
162

checks and balances, for military,
23

child-labor laws,
181

Christian prayer,
143–44

Christian Scientists,
135

Church of Christ the Savior,
139–41

circuit judges, Article III and,
156–57
,
162
,
169–72

circuit riding, by Supreme Court,
154
,
157
,
162
,
238n8
,
238n12

Citizens United v. FEC
,
69
,
194

     
Kennedy on,
70–71
,
74

citizenship

     
of president,
174

     
of voters,
47

city-states, democracy in,
35

civil law,
27
.
See also specific cases

civil rights demonstrations

     
Supreme Court and,
111

     
Warren Court and,
118

Civil War

     
Lincoln, A., and,
6
,
186–87
,
195

     
natural law and,
32

     
opposition to,
6

     
Petition Clause and,
89–90

     
slavery and,
176

Clinton, Bill,
112

CO.
See
conscientious objectors

Cold War,
92–193

Comcast,
126

Commerce Clause,
77

Committee of Eleven

     
Article I and,
213–14

     
Article III and,
214–15

     
Bill of Rights and,
206–17

     
federalism and,
221

     
Fifth Amendment and,
212–13

     
First Amendment and,
210–12

     
Fourth Amendment and,
213

     
Free Speech Clause and,
210

     
Grand Jury Clause and,
215

     
House of Representatives and,
217–22

     
jury trial and,
215

     
religion and,
209–10

     
separation of powers and,
215–16
,
219

     
Third Amendment and,
212

Committee of Five,
207

Committee on Style,
221

communicative conduct

     
draft card burning as,
64–65
,
123
,
193–94

     
regulation of,
122–23

     
Supreme Court and,
122–23

Communism.
See also
American Communist Party

     
natural law and,
32

     
after World War II,
7

compelling interest

     
First Amendment and,
112

     
Free Speech Clause and,
121

     
Supreme Court and,
121

compulsory voting,
93–94

conduits, First Amendment and,
103–4
,
125–26

Confederation Congress,
200

Congress.
See also
House of Representatives
;
Senate

     
Article I and,
199

     
campaign finance and,
20–21
,
62–63

     
chaplains in,
143

     
compensation for,
204
,
209

     
Constitution and,
150–51
,
202

     
District of Columbia and,
168

     
in First Amendment,
5

     
as lame duck,
44
,
157

     
pay raises for,
44

     
Petition Clause and,
90–91

     
Supreme Court and,
161
,
168
,
170
,
171

     
Twentieth Amendment and,
44

     
Twenty-Seventh Amendment and,
44

     
Voting Rights Act and,
21

conscience.
See also
religious conscience
;
secular conscience

     
Bill of Rights and,
144

     
First Amendment and,
18–19
,
133

     
Founders and,
30

     
Free Exercise Clause and,
146

     
Harlan and,
30

conscientious objectors (CO)

     
House of Representatives and,
220–21

     
Vietnam War and,
133–34
,
137–38

Conservative Party,
63

Constitution.
See also
Bill of Rights
;
specific amendments
;
specific articles

     
ambiguity in,
178–79
,
184

     
Congress and,
150–51
,
202

     
democracy in,
75

     
dictionary meaning of words in,
174–75

     
federalism in,
75

     
Federalists and,
200–201

     
Free Press Clause and,
71

     
Fugitive Slave Clause of,
181

     
Hamilton and,
198

     
judicial review and,
149
,
179–80

     
lapses in,
42–43

     
literalists and,
173–75

     
Marbury v. Madison
and,
167

     
military and,
229n19

     
“one person, one vote” principle and,
177

     
originalism and,
175
,
176–77

     
purposivism and,
177–78

     
ratification of,
199–202

     
separation of powers in,
75

     
slavery and,
175–76

     
textualists and,
173–75

Constitutional Convention,
176
,
199
,
202

Continental Association,
207

Continental Congress,
202
,
207

convicted felons

     
in Florida,
49–50

     
voting by,
36
,
45–46
,
49–50

corporations

     
campaign finance and,
21
,
69
,
70–71
,
73
,
79–82

     
Due Process Clause and,
71

     
Equal Protection Clause and,
71

     
Free Press Clause and,
71–72

     
judicial review and,
181

     
Kennedy on,
73

     
as legal “persons,”
71

     
speech and,
9–10

     
Supreme Court and,
72

corruption, campaign finance and,
67

counsel.
See
right to counsel

Cranch, William,
156

Crawford v. Marion County
,
69
,
73–74
,
229n12

criminal law

     
Amendments for,
25

     
jury trial for,
27

“cruel and unusual punishment,” in Eighth Amendment,
25
,
27
,
175

Cushing, William,
162

custodial interrogation, Fifth Amendment and,
25
,
26
,
28

Daley, Richard,
57

Darwinism

     
First Amendment and,
7

     
Holmes and,
182

data-gathering programs, search and seizure and,
28

death penalty,
27

Debs, Eugene,
6–7
,
111
,
189
,
195