Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy (65 page)

Luni
85

Janiculum
206, 214

John Lydus
53

Maccarese
87, 234

Jordan
32

Macedonia
127

Jordanes
225

Machiavelli, Niccolò
251

Josephus
32

Madagascar
151

Juan de Lugo, cardinal
202

Magi, Luigi
234

Justinian, emperor
86, 182, 198

magic
49, 53–4, 134, 147, 224, 232

Juvenal
190, 217, 219

Magiotti, Latanzio, 15

maize
147–9, 168, 243–4

King’s Lynn
152

malaria, see entries for individual

species under
Plasmodium

Lactantius
50

see also
blackwater fever; periodicity;

lacus Caprae
215

quartan fever; quotidian fever;

Lancisi, Giovanni
45–6, 62, 74, 89,

semitertian fever; tertian fever;
et

108, 125, 128, 132, 209, 214–16,

passim

281–2

Maleventum (Beneventum)
263

Lapi, G. G.
124, 141, 212, 281

malnutrition
140–51

larvae
69–70, 72, 74, 78–9, 87, 95, 108,

Manfredonia
264, 266

112, 239

Mantua
70

latifundia
241, 246, 253–4

Marana, Lago di, 264

Laurentum
87, 111, 197, 236, 240, 246,

Marcellinus, Ammianus
281

269–71

Marchiafava, Ettore
14–16, 18–19, 21,

Laveran, Alphonse
35

25, 37, 63, 130, 139, 220, 238

Lawrence, D. H.
199

Maremma
39–40, 74, 100, 112, 136,

leishmaniasis, visceral, 27

180, 189, 198–201, 234, 250–1,

Leoniceno, Niccolò
122

254–5

leprosy
39, 122

Marius
50, 188

336

Index

marshes
38, 40–1, 44, 46, 55, 61, 63,

Norma
57–9

68, 70–1, 74–5, 78–82, 84, 87, 89,

nuraghi
91–2, 95

91–2, 122–3, 132, 152–6, 198, 257,

nutrition
140–51

264–5

see also
Pontine Marshes

olive, tree
72, 77, 103, 248, 267, 270

Marta, river
57, 113, 193

Olympiodorus
241, 276

Martial
85, 93, 108, 134, 228

Ombrone, river
73, 112, 180

Martin IV, pope
159

Orosius
109

Massari, Cesare
260

Orte
68

Massarosa
43

Ostia
69, 74–5, 86–7, 89, 91, 96, 190,

Mazzara
52

204, 231–4, 278, 280

meadows
109, 236–8

Otto, bishop of Freising
227–8, 280

melanization
34

Mendini, Giuseppe
49, 206

Pacelli, Filippo
281

merozoites
11, 125, 156, 329

Paestum (Poseidonia)
40–1, 242, 250

Metapontum
103–5, 161

Palatine, hill
50, 206, 209, 213

migration, animal
267, 277

Palidoro
239

human
180–1, 205, 248, 250, 273,

Palladius, R. T. Aemilianus
68, 70,

276–7

169

mosquito
30

Panarolo, Domenico
74

Montalto di Castro
199

Pantanelli, Pietro
283

Monterosi
246

Pantanello
105

mosquitoes:

Paola, in Calabria, 116

anthropophilic
85, 89, 193, 239, 260

Paola, Lago di
171, 257, 264

evolution
26

Papua New Guinea
28, 149

zoophilic
84–5, 89, 100, 174, 239,

papyri, magical
54

260

papyrus, plant
32

see also entries for individual species

para-amino benzoic acid
142, 165

under
Aedes
;
Anopheles
;
Culex
; and pathocoenosis
197, 222, 230

anophelism without malaria;

Paulus Diaconus
158, 183, 273

melanization; nets; refractoriness

Pausanias
32

mountains
42, 63, 92, 95, 105–6, 197,

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
37,

205, 228, 236, 238, 267

67

Mozzano
119

pellagra
121, 148

Mussolini, Benito
4, 75, 85, 168–70,

periodicity
8–10

188, 191, 264

Peter of Blois
158

Myus
79

Peter Damian, St.
87, 231

Peter the Venerable
159

Naples
9, 33, 43, 153

Petronius, Alexander
209, 259

Napoleon
4

Philostratus
173

Narni
64–6

Piquer, Andrés, 15

Nemi, Lago di
77, 113

Pisa
43, 63, 75, 100, 108, 180, 251, 260

nephrotic syndrome
12, 136

Pius VI, pope
75, 168, 180

Nero, emperor
71, 96–7, 190, 214

placenta
73, 124–6

Nerva, emperor
110, 182, 229

‘plague’, Antonine
2, 124, 223

nets, mosquito
48, 92

plague, bubonic (
Yersinia pestis
)
10, 49,

Nightingale, Florence
148, 174

117, 125, 198, 230–2, 272–4, 284

Ninfa
57, 59, 182, 282

Plasmodium berghei
142

Index

337

Plasmodium bubalis
240

Plasmodium malariae
:

Plasmodium cynomolgi
27

associated with splenomegaly
16

Plasmodium falciparum
:

association with other diseases
135

association with harvest
20–2

attacks Atticus
131–2

at Grosseto
116, 162

attacks Eudemus
135

at Metapontum
105

duration
12

at Nemi
113

effects on different age-groups
133

clinical differentiation from
P. vivax

epidemiology
132

14–16

evolution
24–7

clinical syndromes
129

in Greece
12–13

cross-reactions with
P. malariae

in Po delta
83

218

interaction with
P. falciparum
218–19

cross-reactions with
P. vivax
126,

invasion rate of erythrocytes
25

155–6

main discussion of
131–6

cyclical fluctuations in Roman

nephrotic syndrome
12, 136

Campagna
256–60

periodicity
8–10

described by Celsus
14–16

poorly adapted to
A. atroparvus
33

described by Hippocratic authors

remedies
134

18

schizogony
125

drug resistance
48

temperature requirements
102

effects on the elderly
130

see also
quartan fever

evolution
23–39

Plasmodium ovale
9, 28

genetic variation
37–8

Plasmodium reichenowi
25–6, 37

in Greece
13–14, 17–18, 20–2, 31

Plasmodium vivax
:

in Macedonia
127

association with desiccating

in Near East
32–3

marshes
71, 152

in North Africa
35

association with harvest
152

in Po delta
81–4

association with other diseases

in pregnancy
67–8

153–4

in Rome
62–3, 202–3, 219–33,

association with pilgrimage to

272–3, 276

Rome
158–60

in Sardinia
92–3, 127, 164–5

at Naples
153

in Sicily
36–9

at Ravenna
81–3

in Umbria
64–8

attacks Alcuin
130, 157–8

interaction with heart disease
130

clinical differentiation from
P.

interaction with respiratory disease

falciparum
15–16

137–8

cross-reactions with
P. falciparum

interaction with tuberculosis
137–9

155–6

pathology
125–6

cross-reactions with
P. malariae
218

periodicity
8–11

demographic effects
151–66, 279

pernicious symptoms
16

duration
12

placental malaria
125–6

evolution
24–8

rapid growth rate in Europe
34

in Belgium and Holland
156

resistance to quinine
202

in England
151–8

seasonality in Rome
62–3

in Greece
13

similarity to typhoid
128

in India
166

temperature requirements
102

in the Marche
66

vitamin A supplements
149

in pregnancy
126

338

Index

Plasmodium vivax
continued:

Procopius
57, 86, 146, 182, 216, 238

in Sardinia
223

Puccinotti, Francesco
9, 46

in Tuscany
189, 200

Punjab
146, 200

latency
131

Pupinius
,
ager
244–5

mortality rates
154–66

Pyrgi
69, 200

no cerebral malaria in
220–1

periodicity
8–11

qinghaosu
48

quotidian expression
132–3, 152

quartan fever
4, 9, 11–12, 14, 18, 52–4,

relation to Duffy antigen
28

62, 66, 71, 102, 121, 131–6, 156,

schizogony
125

218–19, 221, 226

targets reticulocytes
25

see also
nephrotic syndrome;

temperature requirements
20–1,

Plasmodium malariae

102

quinine
11, 35, 48, 66, 112, 128, 147,

treatment with opium
156

154, 202–3, 220, 261, 280

see also
tertian fever

Quintilian
190

Plautus, T. Maccius
192, 254

Quirinal, hill
202

Pliny the Elder
39, 48, 53, 63–4, 76,

quotidian fever
11, 16, 18, 37, 53, 121,

95, 108–9, 132–4, 157, 170, 172,

133, 137, 152, 158, 220–1, 223

177–8, 190, 192, 205, 211, 241, 245

Pliny the Younger
87, 105, 109, 111,

rainfall
29, 78, 109, 111, 122, 182, 216,

172, 197–8, 228, 236, 238, 240,

229

246, 257, 269–70, 278

Ravenna
45, 52, 64, 78–86, 89, 98,

Plutarch
39

198–9, 251, 256, 270

pneumonia
126, 136, 138

refractoriness
23, 33, 33–4, 36, 200

Po, river
40, 81–2, 85, 89, 142, 278

Regata
238

Poggio Gramignano
67

Regulus, M. Aquilius
228–9, 257

Pollusca
178

Regulus, M. Atilius
243, 245, 250

pollution, atmospheric, 229

relapsing fever
10

Polybius
178

respiratory distress
129, 136

Pompeii
57

reticulocytes
25

Ponte di Nona
260

Rhazes
134

Pontine Marshes
4, 43, 57, 74–5, 77–9,

riboflavin
142

87, 91, 100, 107, 119, 167–91, 230,

rice
44, 180

247, 252, 265

rickets:

Pontinia
170

in London
153

poppy, opium
157

in Rome
141

Populonia
108

rivers,
see individual entries

Portus
86

roads
77, 93–5, 101, 236

Poseidonia,
see
Paestum

Rocca Massima
60

Poseidonius
221

Rome (city of):

Pratica di Mare
188–9

Alcuin in
157–8

Pratovecchio
162

contrast with Florence
117

pregnancy
73, 125–6

cult of Fever
50–2

Priam
21

effects of malaria on the elderly
130

Prilius lacus
69

effects of malaria on pilgrims
157–9

primigravidae
67, 125–6

effects of malaria on women
125

Priscianus, Theodorus
52

fish
69

Privernum
170, 189

floods
109

Index