Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy (63 page)

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G L O S S A R Y

erythrocyte

Human red blood cell.

gametocyte

Male and female sexual cells of malaria parasites,

formed by some merozoites inside erythrocytes, generally after several cycles of merozoite multiplication in the case of
P. falciparum
.

hypnozoite

A stage of the parasite’s life cycle formed from some

sporozoites inside the human liver. Hypnozoites remain dormant for a predetermined period of time after which they give rise to relapses.

Only found in
P. vivax
, not in
P. falciparum
or
P. malariae
.

merozoite

Asexual stage of malaria parasite which invades erythrocytes.

polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)

An enzymatic method for

amplifying very small quantities of DNA.

recrudescence

An exacerbation of low-level erythrocytic infections

of
P. falciparum
or
P. malariae
.

relapse

Production of clinical symptoms of
P. vivax
malaria by the activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver.

schizogonic periodicity

The species-specific length of the erythrocytic cycle (multiplication of merozoites).

schizogony

The asexual phase of multiplication of malaria parasites in the human (or other vertebrate) host.

sporogony

The sexual phase of malaria reproduction in the mosquito.

sporozoite

A parasite stage which migrates from the stomach to the salivary glands of the mosquito, from where it can infect a person bitten by the mosquito. Once inside the human blood stream, sporozoites enter liver cells, where they either differentiate into pre-erythrocytic schizonts and then into merozoites ready to invade erythrocytes (always in
P. malariae
and
P. falciparum
), or sometimes into hypnozoites (in
P. vivax
).

zygote

The product of fusion of male and female gametocytes. It gives rise to oökinetes, oocysts, and then to sporozoites. All this occurs inside the stomach of the mosquito.

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I N D E X

abracadabra
54

Anopheles messeae
44, 85, 174, 239

Abruzzo
255

Anopheles pharoensis
30, 44

Achilles
21

Anopheles plumbeus
44, 153

Acquarossa
150

Anopheles sacharovi
28, 35, 43–4, 74, 84,

Aedes aegypti
10, 44

89, 96, 98, 108, 174