Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (74 page)

11
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 7.149: ‘
pudenda Agrippae ablegatio
.’

12
. Tac.,
Ann
. 14.53.3, 55.2–3.

13
. Dio 53.32.1.

14
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.10.2: ‘
πέμπεται δ᾽ Ἀγρίππας τῶν πέραν Ἰονίου διάδοχος Καίσαρι
.’

15
. See Maggie (1908), pp. 145–152.

16
. Iustin 42.5.6; cf. Dio 51.18.

17
. Iustin 43.5.7–9; Dio 53.33.

18
. Dio 53.30.5–6.

19
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 29.4.

20
. Dio 53.31.2.

21
. Dio 53.31.3, cf. Dio 54.2.5 for Augustus’ directive of 22 BCE banning patricians from exhibiting themselves on stage in pubic.

22
. Dio 53.31.2.

23
. Hor.,
Carm
. 1.6:
Scriberis Vario fortis et hostium | victor, Maeonii carminis alite, | quam rem cumque ferox navibus aut equis | miles te duce gesserit. || Nos, Agrippa, neque haec diceere nec gravem | Palidae stomachum cedere nescii | nec cursus duplicis per mare Ulixei | nec saevam Pelopis domum || conamur, tenues grandia, dum pudor | imbellisque lyrae Musa potens vetat | laudes egregii Caesaris et tuas | culpa deterere ingeni. || Quis Martem tunica tectum adamantina | digne scripserit aut pulvere Troico | nigrum Merionen aut ope Palladis | Tydiden superis parem? || Nos convivia, nos proelia virginum | sectis in iuvenes unguibus acrium | contamus vacui, sive quid urimur, | non praeter solitum leves
. (translated by John Connington with adaptations by the author.)

24
. See Cairns (1995), pp. 211–217.

25
. For a full discussion, see Cairns (1995), pp. 213–214. He proposes a parallel link with Agrippa and Diomedes and the town of Argyri(p)pa.

26
. See
Chapter 1, n. 10
.

27
. Dio 53.32.1: ‘
οὐ μέντοι καὶ ἐς τὴν Συρίαν ἀφίκετο, … αὐτὸς δὲ ἐν Λέσβῳ διέτριψε
.’

28
. Strab.,
Geog
. 13.2.2; Hor.,
Carm
. 1.7.1,
Epistulae
1.11.17.

29
. Strab.,
Geog
. 13.2.2: ‘
ἔχει δ᾽ ἡ Μιτυλήνη λιμένας δύο, ὧν ὁ νότιος κλειστὸς τριηρικὸς ναυσὶ πεντήκοντα, ὁ δὲ βόρειος μέγας καὶ βαθύς, χώματι σκεπαζόμενος: πρόκειται δ᾽ ἀμφοῖν νησίον μέρος τῆς πόλεως ἔχον αὐτόθι συνοικούμενον: κατεσκεύασται δὲ τοῖς πᾶσι καλῶς
.’

30
. Strab.,
Geog
. 13.2.3.

31
. For example P. Rutilius Rufus; Cic.,
Pro Rab. Post
. 10.27.

32
. Dio 53.31.3.

33
. Dio 53.30.4.

34
. Dio 53.33.4. The suggestion that Livia was a conspirator, popularised by novelist Robert Graves in
I, Claudius
, is highly dubious.

35
. Dio 53.30.5.

36
. The Theatre of Marcellus as it is still known, stands up to its second storey with substantial Mediaeval modifications above.

37
. Aelius Donatus,
Vita Vergiliana
32 citing Ver.,
Aen
. 6.884.

38
. Vell. Pat. 2.93.2: ‘
Agrippa, qui sub specie ministeriorum principalium profectus in Asiam
’; Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.10.2.

39
. Dio 53.25.1.

40
. Dio 53.32.1: ‘
καὶ ὃς ἐκ μὲν τῆς πόλεως εὐθὺς ἐξώρμησεν, … ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον μετριάζων ἐκεῖσε μὲν τοὺς ὑποστρατήγους ἔπεμψεν
…’

41
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.10.2: ‘
καὶ τούτῳ περὶ Μιτυλήνην χειμάζοντι συντυχὼν Ἡρώδης, ἦν γὰρ εἰς τὰ μάλιστα φίλος καὶ συνήθης, πάλιν εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν ἀνέστρεφεν
.’

42
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.9.3,
Bell. Iud
. 1.21.1, 1.21.4; Hegesippus 1.35.1.

43
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.10.20. For Gadara see Matthew 8:28.

44
. Roddaz (1984), p. 451, notes Herodes was officially responsible not just for Iudaea but for Cyprus, Lycia and Syria also, citing Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.360, 16.128, and
Bellum
1.399, 1.428.

45
. See Braund (1984), pp. 75–85, 91–99 and 105–116.

46
. Joseph.,
Ant. Iud
. 15.10.2: ‘
Γαδαρέων δέ τινες ἐπ᾽ Ἀγρίππαν ἦλθον κατηγοροῦντες αὐτοῦ, καὶ τούτους ἐκεῖνος οὐδὲ λόγον αὐτοῖς δοὺς ἀναπέμπει τῷ βασιλεῖ δεσμίους
’; cf. 15.7.3.

47
. See Braund (1984), p. 68 n. 15, citing G.W. Bowersock,
Augustus and the Greek World
, 1965, chapter 4.

48
. See Braund (1984), p. 57.

49
. Dio 53.26.3.

50
. Dio 53.29.3.

51
. Dio 53.29.4.

52
. Dio 53.29.5: ‘
τὸ δὲ δὴ νόσημα οὐδενὶ τῶν συνήθων ὅμοιον ἐγίγνετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐνσκῆψαν ἐξήραινεν αὐτήν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν πολλοὺς αὐτίκα ἀπώλλυε, τῶν δὲ δὴ περιγιγνομένων ἔς τε τὰ σκέλη κατῄει, πᾶν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ σώματος ὑπερβάν
.’

53
. Dio 53.29.6–7.

54
. Dio 53.29.8: ‘
πρῶτοι μὲν δὴ Ῥωμαίων οὗτοι, νομίζω δ᾽ ὅτι καὶ μόνοι, τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ πολέμῳ τῆς Ἀραβίας ταύτης ἐπῆλθον: μέχρι γὰρ τῶν Ἀθλούλων καλουμένων, χωρίου τινὸς ἐπιφανοῦς, ἐχώρησαν
’; cf.
RG
26.5. J.W. Rich (1990),
Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement
(
Roman History
53–55.9), Oxford (1990), p. 165, states that the tomb of a Roman cavalryman, P. Cornelius, has been found there.

55
. Strab., 17.1.54: he suggests that it was while Gallus was in Arabia with his army that the Ethiopians saw their opportunity to raid Egypt.

56
. Strab., 17.1.54. Remarkably, the bronze head of Augustus with its eyes of glass and stone still intact, was found. Buried in the steps of the Victory Temple of the Kushites, everytime a worshipper ascended the steps they trod on the face of the Roman emperor. It is now in the British Museum, accession number GR 1911.9–1.1.

57
. Strab.,
Geog
. 17.1.54. Her full name and title was
Amnirense qore li kdwe li
, ‘Ameniras, Qore and Kandake’. The name Kandake, the Greek form of the Nubian word, indicates she was a queen. She is mentioned in the Bible,
Acts
8:26–27.

58
. Dio 54.5.4; Strab., 17.1.54.

59
. Dio 54.5.5; Strab., 17.1.54;
RG
26.5.

60
. Dio 54.5.6.

61
.
RG
26.5.

62
. Refer to Sources: 3. Inscriptions.

63
. See Glen Bowersock, ‘Augustus in the East: The Problem of the Succession’ in Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (eds)
Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects
(Oxford, 1984), p. 169.

64
. Dio 54.1.1: ‘
καὶ κεραυνοῖς ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἐβλήθη καὶ οἱ ἀνδριάντες οἱ ἐν τῷ Πανθείῳ, ὥστε καὶ τὸ δόρυ ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Αὐγούστου χειρὸς ἐκπεσεῖν
.’

65
. Dio 54.1.2.

66
. Dio 54.1.3.

67
. Dio 54.1.5.

68
. Dio 54.1.4.

69
. Dio 54.2.1; in 54.2.2 he writes ‘these were the last two private citizens to hold the censorship together, which was no doubt the meaning of the sign given to them; for the platform, on which they were to perform one of the functions devolving upon them, collapsed as they ascended it on the first day of their holding the office, and was shattered in pieces, and after that no others of the same rank as these became censors together.’

70
. Dio 54.2.4.

71
. Dio 54.3.1.

72
. Dio 54.3.4.

73
. Dio 54.3.5.

74
. Dio 54.3.6.

75
. See Garnsey (1924), pp. 146–161.

76
. Dio 54.6.1. The nature of the matters is not disclosed.

77
. Dio 54.6.1–2.

78
. Dio 54.6.3.

79
. Dio 54.6.4.

80
. Dio 54.6.4: ‘
καὶ μήτε μόνῃ τῇ Ῥώμῃ σχολάζειν δυνάμενος μήτ᾽ αὖ ἄναρχον αὐτὴν καταλιπεῖν τολμῶν, ἐζήτει τινὰ αὐτῇ ἐπιστῆσαι, καὶ ἔκρινε μὲν τὸν Ἀγρίππαν
.’

81
. Dio 54.6.5.

82
. Dio 54.6.5.

83
. Dio 54.6.5: ‘
καὶ καταναγκάσας τὴν γυναῖκα, καίπερ ἀδελφιδῆν αὐτοῦ οὖσαν, ἀπαλλάξαντα τῇ Ἰουλίᾳ συνοικῆσαι, ἐς τὴν Ῥώμην παραχρῆμα καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ γάμῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ τῆς πόλεως διαχειρίσει ἔπεμψε, διά τε τἆλλα καὶ ὅτι ὁ Μαικήνας συμβουλευομένῳ οἱ περὶ αὐτῶν τούτων εἰπεῖν λέγεται ὅτι ‘τηλικοῦτον αὐτὸν πεποίηκας ὥστ᾽ ἢ γαμβρόν σου
.’

84
. Dio 54.6.5; Plut.,
Ant
. 87.2; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 63.1. Marcella was allowed to be single for long and was married off to one of M. Antonius’ sons, Iullus Antonius – Plut.,
Ant
. 87.3, Vell. Pat. 2.110.5.

85
. See Fantham (2006), pp. 17–28.

86
. Macrobius,
Saturnalia
2.5.2.

87
. For example, the bust in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen (Fentham (2006), p. 136).

88
. Macrobius,
Saturnalia
2.5.2–5: ‘
Hodie enim me patris oculis ornavi, heri viri
’.

89
. Dio 54.6.1. An inscription in the Berlin-Brandeburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin attests to the presence of Varus in Pergamon; it was presumably erected for an act of generosity on his part to the citizens. The citizens of Athens and Tenos (the Cycladic island of Tinos) erected similar dedications.

90
. See John R. Clarke, ‘Augustan Domestic Interiors: Propaganda or Fashion’ in Galinsky (2005), pp. 271–72. The villa complex was discovered in 1879 beneath the Villa Farnesina.

91
. The exquisite painted murals of the rooms of the palatial building have since been moved to the Museo Nazionale Romane-Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in Rome. The frescoes were restored when the Palazzo Massimo was opened in 1998.

92
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35 is an encyclopaedic overview of painting techniques and materials used in the Roman world.

93
. See Galinsky (2005), plates V and VIII.

94
. The villa complex was discovered quite by accident on March 23, 1903, when the Circumvesuviana – the railway line, which runs from Naples around the base of Mount Vesuvius – was being laid. The owner of the property on which the villa was found, Sig. Cavaliere Ernesto Santini, partially excavated it between 1903 and 1905 with the help of the Italian archaeologist, Sig. Matteo Della Corte. The structure is also known – probably erroneously – by the name Villa of Agrippa Postumus.

95
. Von Blanckenhagen, Alexander, Mertens and Faltermeir (1990).

96
. See John R. Clarke, ‘Augustan Domestic Interiors: Propaganda or Fashion’ in Galinsky (2005), pp. 272–275. See also Elfriede R. Knauer (1993), ‘Roman Wall Paintings from Boscotrecase:
Three Studies in the Relationship between Writing and Painting’,
Metropolitan Museum Journal
28, pp. 13–46.

97
. The villa’s best painted murals have since been removed to the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

98
. See Galinsky (2005), plates VI and VII.

99
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26.

100
. Dio 49.43.6.

101
. Dio 49.43.5

102
. Dio 54.8.5.

103
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 3.66.

104
. Dio 54.8.4.

105
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 3.17.

106
. Vegetius,
De Re Militari
3.

107
. Iulius Honorius,
Kosmographia
: see A. Riese,
Geographi latini minores collegit, recensuit, prolegomenis instruxit
. Henninger Bros, Heilbronn (1878), pp. 21–22. Honorius names the Greeks as Nikodemos, Didymos, Theudotos and Polyclitos – see C. Nicolet, P. Gautier Dalché, ‘Les quatre sages de Jules César et la mesure du monde selon Julius Honorius’,
Journal des Savants
(Oct.–Dec., 1986), pp. 157–218.

108
. Strab.,
Geog
. 2.5.17: ‘
πλεῖστον δ᾽ ἡ θάλαττα γεωγραφεῖ καὶ σχηματίζει τὴν γῆν, κόλπους ἀπεργαζομένη καὶ πελάγη καὶ πορθμούς, ὁμοίως δὲ ἰσθμοὺς καὶ χερρονήσους καὶ ἄκρας: προσλαμβάνουσι δὲ ταύτῃ καὶ οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ τὰ ὄρη. διὰ γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων ἤπειροί τε καὶ ἔθνη καὶ πόλεων θέσεις εὐφυεῖς ἐνενοήθησαν καὶ τἆλλα ποικίλματα, ὅσων μεστός ἐστιν ὁ χωρογραφικὸς πίναξ. ἐν δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸ τῶν νήσων πλῆθός ἐστι κατεσπαρμένον ἔν τε τοῖς πελάγεσι καὶ κατὰ τὴν παραλίαν πᾶσαν. ἄλλων δ᾽ ἄλλας ἀρετάς τε καὶ κακίας καὶ τὰς ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν χρείας ἐπιδεικνυμένων ἢ δυσχρηστίας, τὰς μὲν φύσει τὰς δὲ ἐκ κατασκευῆς, τὰς φύσει δεῖ λέγειν: διαμένουσι γάρ
, [p. 162]
αἱ δ᾽ ἐπίθετοι δέχονται μεταβολάς. καὶ τούτων δὲ τὰς πλείω χρόνον συμμένειν δυναμένας ἐμφανιστέον, … μὴ πολὺ μέν, ἄλλως δ᾽ ἐπιφάνειαν ἐχούσας τινὰ καὶ δόξαν, ἣ πρὸς τὸν ὕστερον χρόνον παραμένουσα τρόπον τινὰ συμφυῆ τοῖς τόποις ποιεῖ καὶ μηκέτι οὖσαν κατασκευήν, ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι δεῖ καὶ τούτων μεμνῆσθαι. περὶ πολλῶν γάρ ἐστι πόλεων τοῦτ᾽ εἰπεῖν, ὅπερ εἶπε Δημοσθένης ἐπὶ τῶν περὶ Ὄλυνθον, ἃς οὕτως ἠφανίσθαι φησὶν ὥστε μηδ᾽ εἰ πώποτε ᾠκίσθησαν γνῶναι ἄν τινα ἐπελθόντα. ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως καὶ εἰς τούτους τοὺς τόπους καὶ εἰς ἄλλους ἀφικνοῦνται ἄσμενοι, τά γ᾽ ἴχνη ποθοῦντες ἰδεῖν τῶν οὕτω διωνομασμένων ἔργων, καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς τάφους τῶν ἐνδόξων ἀνδρῶν. οὕτω δὲ καὶ νομίμων καὶ πολιτειῶν μεμνήμεθα τῶν μηκέτι οὐσῶν, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τῆς ὠφελείας προκαλουμένης τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων: ἢ γὰρ ζήλου χάριν ἢ ἀποτροπῆς τῶν τοιούτων
.’

109
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 3.16–17: ‘
Longitudinem universam eius prodidit M. Agrippa CCCCLXXV p., latitudinem CCLVIII, sed cum termini Carthaginem usque procederent: quae causa magnos errores conputatione mensurae saepius parit, alibi mutato provinciarum modo, alibi itinerum, auctisque aut deminutis passibus. incubuere maria tam longo aevo, alibi processere litora, torsere se fluminem aut correxere flexus. praeterea aliunde aliis exordium mensurae est et alia meatus. ita fit ut nulli duo concinant. Agrippam quidem in tanta viri diligentia praeterque in hoc opere cura, cum orbem terrarum orbi spectandum propositurus esset, errasse quis credat et cum eo Divum Augustum? is namque conplexam eum porticum ex destinatione et commentariis M. Agrippae a sorore eius inchoatam peregit
.’