Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (81 page)

163
. See Wood (1995), pp. 457–482.

164
. Suet.,
Claudius
26.3, 29.2.

165
. Suet.,
Claudius
39.2, 43;
Ner
. 5.2.

166
. Suet.,
Claudius
44.2;
Ner
. 8.

167
. See Barrett (1996), pp. 181–193.

168
. See Grant (1973), pp. 201–205; Griffin (1984), pp. 164–182.

169
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 7.8: ‘
sed per utrasque Agrippinas maxime, quae Gaium, quae Domitium Neronem principes genuere totidem faces generis human
.’

170
. The coin is one of a series issued under Titus of
Div. Aug
., Tiberius, Drusus the Younger, Livia, Nero Drusus, Germanicus, Agrippina the Younger, Claudius and Galba: Mattingly,
BMCRE
II 77–78, 281–292 and 261–305.

171
.
BMCRE
II 470. See Sources 2. Coins (b) Imperial Mints (ii).

172
.
BMCRE
II 510. See Sources 2. Coins (b) Imperial Mints (ii)).

173
. Dio 66.24.2.

174
. Chron. 146; Hier.
a. Abr
. 2105; cf. perhaps 2101.

175
. Oros. VII.12: ‘
Pantheum Romae fulmine concrematum
’; Hier.
a. Abr
. 2127.

176
. Hist.
Aug. Hadr
. 19; AJA 1912, 421.

177
. Dio 69.7.1.

178
.
Hist. Aug
. Pius 8: ‘
instauratum … templum Agrippae
.’

179
.
CIL
VI.896.

180
. Amm. Marc., 16.10.14: ‘
Pantheum velut regionem teretem speciosa celsitudine fornicatam
.’

181
. Dio 55.8.3.

182
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.102.

183
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 16.95; Dio 55.8.4: ‘
νῦν γὰρ δὴ πάσης τῆς στέγης αὐτοῦ καθαιρεθείσης, ὅτι οὐκ ἠδυνήθη αὖθις συστῆναι, ἀχανής ἐστιν᾽ ὅ τε Ἀγρίππας οἰκοδομούμενον κατέλιπε, καὶ τότε συνετελέσθη
.’

184
. Gladiatorial games: Augustus – Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 43; Dio 55.8; Caligula – Suet.,
Calig
. 18; Claudius – Suet.,
Claud
. 21.
Naumachiae
: Augustus – Dio 55.10; Caligula – Dio. 59.10: ‘
πὰν τὸ χωρίον ἐκεινο ἐξορύξας καὶ ὑδατος πληρώσας ἵνα μίαν ναῦν ἐσαγάγῃ
.’ Bazar: Stat. Silv. 4.5.2; Mart. 2.14.5, 57.2; 9.59.1; 10.80.4.

185
. Dio 66.24;
Hist. Aug
. Hadr. 19, Alex. 26.

186
.
CIL
VI.31564.

187
. Procopius
Bell. Gall
. 2.8.1–11.

188
.
LPD
I.505.

189
. See Pinto (1985), pp. 9–20.

190
. For a digital facsimile:
http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/display/bsb10968012.html
.

191
. E.g. P.S. Frandsen (1835).

192
. Oil on canvas 62 × 90cm (24.7 × 35.7 inches) in the Dick Institute, Kilmarnock, Scotland.

193
. William Shakespeare,
Antony and Cleopatra
, Act II, scene 2, 142–145.

194
. John Patterson, ‘Cleopatra, the film that killed off big-budget epics’,
The Guardian
, 15 July 2013.

195
. There is absolutely no evidence of a love affair between Agrippa and Octavia in the historical sources. Tom Leach has since become known as the driver turned nobleman Tom Branson in BBC TV/PBS Masterpiece Theater’s
Downton Abbey
.

Chapter 9: Assessment

1
. Pliny:
chapter 1, n. 14
; Seneca:
chapter 1, n. 8
.

2
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 7.6: ‘
exercito aevo inter arma mortesque ac noxia accessu
’.

3
. See
chapter 1, n. 174
.

4
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26: ‘
exstat certe eius oratio magnifica et maximo civium digna
.’

5
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 94.11: ‘
cum Agrippae, qui prior consulebat, magna et paene incredibilia praedicerentur
.’

6
. Vell. Pat. 2.96.1: ‘
Mors deinde Agrippae, qui novitatem suam multis rebus nobilitaverat atque in hoc perduxerat
.’

7
. Seneca,
Epistulae
94.46: ‘
M. Agrippa, vir ingentis animi
.’

8
. Dio 54.29.1: ‘
Ἀγρίππας μὲν οὖν οὕτω μετήλλαξε, τά τε ἄλλα ἄριστος τῶν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἀνθρώπων διαφανῶς γενόμενος
.’

9
. Hor.,
Sermones
2.3.186: ‘
astuta ingenuum volpes imitata leonem
.’

10
. Papyrus: P. Köln 4701).

11
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3: ‘
M. Agrippam … bonum militia et victoriae socium
,’ Syme (1958).

12
. Galinsky (2012), p. 119.

13
. Vell. Pat. 2.79.1–2.

14
. See
chapter 3, n. 37
; Dio 49.49.4.

15
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 25.4: ‘
ἀσφαλὴς γάρ ἐστ᾽ ἀμείνων ἢ θρασὺς στρατηλάτης
.’

16
. See
chapter 3, n. 93
.

17
. See
chapter 4, n. 180
.

18
. Wallace-Haddrill (1993), p. 3.

19
. Syme (1939), p. 297.

20
. Dio 51.1.2.

21
. Syme (1939), pp. 297–298.

22
. Wallace Haddrill (1993), p. 1, 8. For a detailed study see Gurval (1995).

23
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 25.4: ‘
sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene
.’

24
. See
chapter 3, n. 17
.

25
. Reinhold (1933), p. vii, writes ‘if Augustus was the ‘architect of the Roman Empire’, Marcus Agrippa was his ‘superintendent of construction’.

26
. Dio, 54.29.1: ‘
καὶ τῇ τοῦ Αὐγούστου φιλίᾳ πρός τε τὸ αὐτῷ ἐκείνῳ καὶ πρὸς τὸ τῷ κοινῷ συμφορώτατον χρησάμενος
.’

27
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 36.102.

28
. Dio 56.30.3: ‘
τὴν Ῥώμην γηίνην παραλαβὼν λιθίνην ὑμῖν καταλείπω
.’

29
. It was considered an act of piety to restore decaying temples. Augustus repaired the Temple of Iupiter Feretrius: Livy 4.20.7; Tiberius continued the practice with the Temple of Castor and Pollux: Val. Max. 5.5.3.

30
. Frontin.,
Aq
. 2.100.

31
. Vell. Pat. 2.127.2. See Hurlet (1997).

32
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 73.

33
. Galinsky (2012), p. 119. David Stockton, ‘The Founding of the Empire’, in
The Oxford History of the Classical World
, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 548.

34
. See
chapter 3, n. 37
.

35
.
http://www.economist.com/node/12075015
.

36
. See
chapter 3, n. 37
.

37
. Dio 54.29.2: ‘
ὅσον τε γὰρ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀρετῇ κατεκράτει, τοσοῦτον ἐκείνου ἐθελοντὴς ἡττᾶτο, καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτῷ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ σοφίαν καὶ ἀνδρείαν ἐς τὰ λυσιτελέστατα παρέχων πᾶσαν τὴν παρ᾽ ἐκείνου καὶ τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν ἐς τὸ τοὺς ἄλλους εὐεργετεῖν ἀνήλισκεν
.’

38
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 72.1: ‘
In ceteris partibus vitae continentissimum constat ac sine suspicione ullius vitii
.’

39
. See
chapter 4, n. 71
.

40
. See
chapter 7, n. 131
.

41
. Cic.,
Amic
. 17.23: ‘
Cumque plurimas et maximas commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus, quod bonam spem praelucet in posterum nec debilitari animos aut cadere patitur. Verum enim amicum qui intuetur, tamquam exemplar aliquod intuetur sui
.’

42
. Val. Max. 4.7.7: ‘
orere igitur ab illa, quae sanctorum umbris dicata esse creditur, sede hinc Decime Laeli, illinc M. Agrippa, alter uirorum, deorum alter maximum amicum et certa mente et secundis ominibus sortiti, totumque beatae turbae gregem, qui uestro ductu ueneranda sincerae fidei stipendia laudibus et praemiis onustus peregit, in lucem uobiscum protrahite
.’

43
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 7.6: ‘
in tormentis adulteriorum coniugis socerique praegravi servitio
.’

44
. See
Chapter 1, n. 14
.

45
.
Portus Iulius
: Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 16.1;
Aqua Augusta
: Dio 54.11.7; Pantheon: Dio 53.27.3.

46
. Dio 53.27.4: ‘
οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν αὐτὸν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὁ Αὔγουστος ᾐτιάσατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐτίμησε
.’

47
. Seneca,
Ep
. 94.46: ‘
M. Agrippa … qui solus ex iis quos civilia bella claros potentesque fecerunt felix in publicum fuit
.’

48
. Tac.,
Ann
. 14.53: ‘
abavus tuus Augustus Marco Agrippae Mytilenese secretum, C. Maecenati urbe in ipsa velut peregrinum otium permisit; quorum alter bellorum socius, alter Romae pluribus laboribus iactatus ampla quidem sed pro ingentibus meritis, praemia acceperant
.’

49
. Reinhold (1933), p. vii.

50
. Quoted in Cic.,
Amic
. 17.64: ‘
Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur
.’

51
. Vell. Pat. 2.127.1–2: ‘
quibus novitas familiae haut obstitit quominus ad multiplicis consulatus triumphosque et complura eveherentur sacerdotia. Etenim magna negotia magnis adiutoribus egent interestque rei publicae quod usu necessarium est, dignitate eminere utilitatemque auctoritate muniri
.’

52
. Syme (1939).

53
. Dio 54.29.3: ‘
ἀφ᾽ οὗ δὴ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα οὔτ᾽ αὐτῷ ποτε τῷ Αὐγούστῳ ἐπαχθὴς οὔτε τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπίφθονος ἐγένετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνῳ τε τὴν μοναρχίαν ὡς καὶ δυναστείας ὄντως ἐπιθυμητὴς συνέστησε, καὶ τὸν δῆμον εὐεργεσίαις
.’

54
. Sen.,
Ep
. 94.46: ‘
nam concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur
’.
Hac se aiebat et fratrem et amicum optimum factum
.’

55
. Syme (1979), p. 309.

56
. Vell. Pat. 2.88.2.

57
. Dio 49.4.1–2: ‘
ὡς δέ τινες λέγουσιν, ὁ Ἀγρίππας, ἅτε καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Καίσαρος ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ μαχόμενος, ἐξαρκεῖν οἱ τὸ τρέψαι τοὺς ἀντιπάλους ἡγεῖτο. καὶ γὰρ εἰώθει λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς πάνυ ἑταίρους ὅτι οἱ πλείους τῶν ἐν ταῖς δυναστείαις ὄντων οὐδένα ἐθέλουσι κρείττω 1 σφῶν εἶναι, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν πλείω, ὅσα γε καὶ πρόχειρον τὴν νίκην ἔχει, αὐτοὶ δι᾽ ἑαυτῶν ποιοῦνται, τὰ δὲ δὴ χείρω καὶ ἀτοπώτερα ἄλλοις προστάττουσι
.’

Ancient Authors

Appian,
Bellum Civilum
(
Civil War
).

Appian,
Ἰλλυρικὴ
(
Illyrike
,
Illyrian Wars
).

Ammianus Marcellinus,
Res Gestae a Fine Corneli Taciti
(
Roman History
).

Augustus,
Res Gestae
(
Deeds of Augustus
).

Aulus Gellius,
Noctes Atticae
(
Attic Nights
).

Caesar,
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
(
The Gallic War
).

Cassiodorus,
Χρονικών
(
Chronicles
).

Cassius Dio,
Pωμαϊκὴ Iστορία
(
Roman History
).

Cicero,
De Oratore
(
On Oratory
).

Cicero,
Epistulae ad Atticum
(
Letters to Atticus
).

Cicero,
De Legibus
(
On Law
).

Cornelius Nepos,
Corneli Nepoti Attici
(
Life of Atticus
).

Eutropius,
Breviarium Historiae Romanae
(
Brief History of the Romans
).

Florus,
Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum
(
Epitome of Livy
).

Frontinus,
De Aqueductu Urbis Romae
(
The Aqueducts of Rome
).

Horace,
Carmina
(
Odes
).

Horace,
Carmen Saecularum
(
Century Ode
).

Horace,
Saturae
(
Satires
).

Josephus,
Antiquitates Iudaicae
(
Antiquities of the Jews
).

Josephus,
Bellum Iudaicum
(
Jewish War
).

Josephus,
Contra Apionem
(
Against Apion
).

Josephus,
Iστορία Ἰουδαϊκoῦ Πολέμου πρὁς
‘
Pωμαίους
(
Wars of the Jews
or
The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem
).

Livy,
Ab Urbe Condita
(
History from the Foundation of Rome
).

Livy,
Periochae
(
Extracts
).

Nikolaos of Damaskos,
Bίος Καῖσαρος
(
Life of Caesar
).

Obsequens,
Ab Anno Urbis Conditae Du Prodigiorum Liber
(
Book of Prodigies Since the Foundation of the City
).

Orosius,
Historiarum Adversum Paganos
(
History Against the Pagans
). Pliny the Elder,
Naturalis Historia
(
Natural History
).