Mary Tudor (50 page)

42.
The Chronicle of Queen Jane
, p. 54.

43. Ibid., pp. 73-4.

44. 178 out of nearly 30,000. G. R. Elton,
Policy and Police
(1972), p. 389.

7 Marriage

1. AGS Patronato Real, 7. A secret instrument
ad cautelam
is enclosed with the copy of the marriage treaty preserved at Simancas.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 4.

2. Rodriguez Salgado,
The Changing Face of Empire
, pp. 85-8.

3. Renard to the Bishop of Arras, 7 January 1554.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 15.

4. For a discussion of the position of the
femme couvert
and her property rights, see
The Lawes Resolution of Womens Rights, or the Lawes Provision for Woemen
, by ‘E.T.’ (London, 1632).

5. Loach,
Parliament and the Crown
, pp. 96-7.

6. Commendone had come on behalf of Geronimo Dandino, papal legate in the Low Countries, the previous September. For a general consideration of the progress of the religious reaction, see E. Duffy and D. Loades (eds),
The Church of Mary Tudor
(2006).

7. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 124-6.

8.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 216.
Loach, Parliament and the Crown
, pp. 97-9.

9. Ibid., p. 98.

10.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 251.

11. Renard to the Emperor, 13 May 1554
Cal. Span
., XII, pp. 250-4.

12. Thomas F. Mayer,
Reginald Pole, Prince and Prophet
(2000), pp. 60-1.

13. TNA SP11 /4, no. 10.

14.
Cal. Span
., XII, pp. 297-9.

15. Ambassadors to the Emperor, 22–25 May 1554.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 258.

16. ‘The officers appointed for his Highness’s service have been living at Southampton at great expense for a long time, and are now beginning to leave that place, speaking strangely of his Highness.’ Renard to the Emperor, 9 July 1554.
Cal. Span
., XII, p. 309.

17. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 223.

18. ‘John Elder’s Letter, describing the arrival and marriage of King Philip …’,
Chronicle of Queen Jane
, Appendix X, pp. 139-40.

19. Ibid., p. 140.

20. Ruy Gomez (Philip’s secretary) to Francisco de Eraso, 27 July 1554, commenting on Mary’s appearance and demeanour during the wedding service. He also added that she had kept her eyes fixed on the sacrament throughout, and was ‘a perfect saint’.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 2.

21. In Spanish, ‘
Que yo no quiero amores, / en Ingalterra, / pues otros mejores / tengo yo in mi tierra
…’, Fernando Diaz-Plaja (ed.),
La Historia de Espana en sus Documentos
(1958), p. 149.

22.
The Chronicle of Queen Jane
, Appendix XI. ‘The Marriage of Queen Mary and King Philip’ (the official heralds’ account).

23. Ibid.

24.
The Chronicle of Queen Jane
, p. 170. Edward Underhill’s account.

25.
Tres Cartas de to sucedido en el viaje de su Alteza in Inglaterra
(1877), Primera Carta, p. 111.

26. Ibid.

27.
Tres Cartas
, Tercera Carta, p. 102.

28.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 11.

29. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 177.

8 A Woman’s Problems

1. Judith M. Richards, ‘Mary Tudor as “Sole Quene”? Gendering Tudor Monarchy’,
Historical Journal
, 40 (1997) pp. 895-924.

2.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 11.

3. Glyn Redworth, “‘Matters impertinent to women”; male and female monarchy under Philip and Mary’,
English Historical Review
, 112 (1997), pp. 597-613.

4. S. Anglo,
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy
(1969), pp. 56-98. The pageants offered on that occasion had been a
tour de force
of humanist imagination.

5. ‘John Elder’s Letter’,
Chronicle of Queen Jane
, p. 146. See also Anglo,
Spectacle
, pp. 327-38.

6. ‘The ambassador,’ he wrote, ‘gets everything in a muddle. However, I do not blame him, but rather the person who sent a man of his small attainments to conduct so capital an affair as this match, instead of entrusting it to a Spaniard.’ Renard was a Franc-Comptois, and the dig is at Antoine de Perrenot, Bishop of Arras. 23 August 1554.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 35.

7. Ibid., p. 33.

8. Machyn,
Diary
, pp. 69, 72.

9. Archivo General de Simancas, CMC la E, legajo 1184.

10. Redworth, ‘“Matters impertinent’’’. Mary had instructed the select council that they were to ‘tell the king the whole state of the realm’, but they seem to have used their judgement in interpreting that.

11. For a discussion of Philip’s impact on the court during 1554–5, see D. Loades,
Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court 1547–58
(2004), pp. 178-213.

12.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 28.

13. William Forrest,
A Newe Ballad of the Marigolde
(1554).

14.
Cal. Ven
., VI, p. 10. A memorandum on developments concerning Church property.

15.
Cal. Span
., XIII, pp. 63-4. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 236. For a full discussion of this negotiation, see Rodriguez Salgado,
The Changing Face of Empire
, p. 97.

16.
Cal. Span
., XIII, pp. 92-5.

17. House of Lords Records Office, Original Act, 1 & 2 Philip and Mary, c.18. Loach,
Parliament and the Crown
, p. 106.

18. The text of Pole’s address is preserved in Biblioteca Vaticana, Rome, MS Vat. Lat. 5968, which is available on microfilm. A translation was printed by J. Collier,
An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain
(1714), II, pp. 372-3.

19. Donato Rullo to Cardinal Seripando, 1 December 1554. Carlo de Frede,
La Restaurazione Cattolica in Inghilterra sotto Maria Tudor
(Naples, 1971) p. 57.

20.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 117.

21. Feckenham had urged that, no matter what the dispensation might say, the possessioners were in conscience bound to surrender their gains. He was interviewed by an embarrassed council on 29 November.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 108.
APC
, V, p. 85.

22. Priuli had no knowledge of English law, and sometimes missed the point of the discussions. BL Add. MS 41577, ff. 161-6. Loach,
Parliament and the Crown
, pp. 109-111.

23. 1 & 2 Philip and Mary, c. 8. Loach
, Parliament and the Crown
, p. 111.

24. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 167-8.

25. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 76.

26. Ibid., p. 80.

27. Ibid., p. 79.

28. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 248.

29.
Cal. Span
., XIII, pp. 165-6.

30. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 249.

31. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 81.

32. Ibid., p. 82. Renard to Philip, 5 February 1555, wrote: ‘Some of the onlookers wept, others prayed God to give him strength … not to recant … others threatening the bishops …’
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 138.

33. D. Loades, ‘The Marian Episcopate’, in Duffy and Loades,
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 33-56.

34. The submission of John Barret, Norwich’s leading evangelical preacher under Edward VI, took all the stuffing out of Protestant resistance in Norwich. Ralph Houlbrooke, ‘The Clergy, the Church Courts and the Marian Restoration in Norwich’, ibid., pp. 124-48.

35.
The Displaying of the Protestants
(1556), p. 51.

36. Jose Ignacio Tellecehea Idigoras (trans. Ronald Truman), ‘Fray Bartolome Carranza: A Spanish Dominican in the England of Mary Tudor’, in J. Edwards and R. Truman (eds),
Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The Achievement of Fray Bartolome Carranza
(2005), pp. 21-32.

37. See (for example) Patrick Collinson, ‘The Persecution in Kent’, in Duffy and Loades,
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 309-33.

38.
A Short Treatise of Politike Power
(1556), f. E v.

39. Thomas F. Mayer, ‘The Success of Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’, in Duffy and Loades,
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 149-75.

40. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 86.

41. John Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
(1583), p. 1,597. Foxe claimed to have been told this story ‘by the woman herself’. Her son was called Timothy.

42. Federico Badoer to the Doge and Senate, 21 July 1555.
Cal. Ven
.,VI, pp. 138-9. According to Badoer several members of the council wrote at the same time, distancing themselves from her instruction.

43. One contemporary report states that she had been delivered of a shapeless mass of flesh, which would suggest a tumour, but there is no proper corroboration. Her physicians seem to have expressed no opinion.

44. Rodriguez Salgado,
The Changing Face of Empire
, pp. 92-3, 101.

45. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 93. The English gentlemen stayed only to witness the handover of power on 25 September and then returned home.

9 Mary Alone

1. Redworth, ‘“Matters Impertinent’’’.

2. Redworth says, on Spanish authority, that Mary discussed some matters of state with the select council rather than the privy council, but is not clear what these matters were. Probably the reference is to Philip’s Continental affairs in so far as these affected England.

3. Rodriguez Salgado,
The Changing Face of Empire
, p. 101.

4. Loach,
Parliament and the Crown
, pp. 129-58. It was during this session that some members held illicit meetings with the French ambassador to discuss oppositional tactics, and the Commons rejected a government measure for the recall of religious refugees.

5.
A Machiavellian Treatise by Stephen Gardiner
, trans. and ed. P. S. Donaldson (1975). On Gardiner’s authorship, see also D. Fenlon in
Historical Journa1
, 19 (1976), p. 4; to which Donaldson replied in the same journal, 23 (1980), pp. 1-16.

6. Redworth, ‘“Matters Impertinent”’.

7 Loades,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 258-9.

8. Typical, although unusually explicit, was John Bradford’s
Copy of a letter … sent to the Earls of Arundel, Derby, Shrewsbury and Pembroke
(1556).

9. Rodriguez Salgado,
The Changing Face of Empire
, pp. 149-51.

10. Loades,
Two Tudor Conspiracies
, pp. 176-27. Henry was the second son of John Sutton de Dudley, and the younger brother of Edmund Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley. He is always called by the name of his brother’s title.