Mary Tudor (51 page)

11. TNA SP11/7, no. 47. Third confession of Thomas White, 30 March 1556.

12. D. Loades,
The Tudor Navy
(1992), pp. 164-5.

13. There are several lists of ‘suspect persons’ in the State Papers, e.g. TNA SP11/7, nos. 23, 24, 25.

14.
Cal. Ven
., VI, p. 285.

15. Pole to Philip, 5 October 1555.
Cal. Ven
., VI, pp. 205-6. Renard was not replaced for the obvious reason that Philip’s servants were seen to be discharging his function, but Renard had always been the Emperor’s ambassador, not the king’s.

16. For a full discussion of Cranmer’s fate and its implications, see Diarmaid MacCulloch,
Thomas Cranmer
(1996), pp. 573-91.

17. Bradford,
Copy of a letter
. Other works in a similar vein include
A Supplication to the Queen’s Majesty
(1555) and
A Warning for England
(1555).

18.
Cal. Ven
., VI, pp. 401-2.

19.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 260.

20. R. A. de Vertot,
Les ambassados de Mss de Noailles
(1743) V pp. 361-3.

21.
APC
, V p. 320.

22.
Cal. Span
., XIII, p. 276.

23. Mayer, ‘The Success of Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’.

24.
Cal. Ven
., VI, p. 880.

25. Nicholas Wotton to the queen, 20 and 29 October 1556.
Calendar of State Papers
,
Foreign
, II, pp. 267-73.

26. The list is printed as Appendix 2 in Loades,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 358-69.

27.
Cal. Span
., XIII, pp. 286-7.

28. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 273.

29. C. S. Knighton, ‘Westminster Abbey Restored’, in
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 77-123.

30. Loades, ‘The Marian Episcopate’.

31. Secret Protestants – after Nicodemus, who came to Christ at night.

32. BL Lansdowne MS 170, f 129. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 186-8.

10 Philip & Mary at War

1. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 129.

2. I am indebted to Corinna Streckfuss of Christ Church, Oxford, for several important points relating to Philip’s image in contemporary Habsburg propaganda.

3. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 133. This Russian, who had returned with Richard Chancellor, and narrowly survived shipwreck in Scotland, was Ossip Nepeja, but Machyn had no means of knowing that.

4. Ibid., p. 141. The ‘forest’ was probably Windsor Great Park. It was just before this that Sir James Granado had been killed in a riding accident while showing off a horse at St James’. Mary had apparently witnessed the accident.

5. Francois de Noailles to Montmorency, 5 April 1557. Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors
, p. 324. A Latin version was also prepared for Philip. BL Sloane MS 1786.

6. Surian to the doge and senate, 3 April.
Cal.Ven
., VI, 1, 004. Feria had apparently told Surian that ‘it is in His Majesty’s power to make the country wage war against France when and in what manner he chooses’. This was theoretically correct, but not practicable, as Philip himself realised.

7. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, p. 191.

8. For a discussion of the circumstances of this revocation, see Mayer,
Reginald Pole
, pp. 312-14.

9. Loades,
Two Tudor Conspiracies
, pp. 151-75.

10. Notes by Wotton, April 1557
.
TNA SP69/10/587.

11. Strype, Ecclesiastical
Memorials, III, ii, p. 515, prints the full text of the proclamation.

12. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 305-6.

13.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 290-1.

14. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 278. On Ribault and his activities, see G. Lefèvre-Pontalis,
Correspondance Politique de Odet de Selve
, pp. 218-23; also Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors
, pp. 283-5.

15. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
, III, ii, pp. 67-9. TNA KB8/37.

16. These despatches contain a full account of Norroy the herald’s mission to the French king.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1,148-51.

17. C. S. L. Davies, ‘England and the French War, 157-9’, in Loach and Tittler,
The Mid-Tudor Polity
. BL MS Stowe 571, ff 77-132.

18. Loades,
Elizabeth I
, pp. 116-17.

19.
Cal. Span
., XI, 393.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1058. Henry Clifford,
The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria
, ed. J. Stevenson (1887), pp. 79-80.

20. This was according to a report written by Michel Surian long after the event.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1537. Fresnada, the king’s confessor, was credited with this brief breakthrough.

21.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1024.

22. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 289.

23. On the bull
Praeclara
, see M. C. Knowles,
The Religious Orders in England, III, The Tudor Age
, pp. 423-6.

24. This could not be assumed, as Paul had already withdrawn similar concessions made elsewhere. In this case Pole’s ‘special case’ representations were successful.

25. Philip and Mary to Paul IV, 21 May 1557. Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
, III, ii, pp. 474-6.

26. For a full discussion of Paul’s views on heresy, particularly in respect of Pole, see Dermot Fenlon,
Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy
(1972).

27.
ODNB
.

28. TNA SP69/11/637.
Ecclesiastical Memorials
, III, ii, p. 37.

29.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1161, 1166. Mayer,
Reginald Pole
, pp. 307-15.

30. Mayer, ibid., pp. 316-20.

31. Feria to Philip, 10 March 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 366-9. Mayer, ‘Cardinal Pole’s Final Legation’, in Duffy and Loades,
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 149-75.

32. Bernardo Navagero to the doge and senate, 14 August 1557.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1428. Navagero also understood that Mary was insisting that if any charges were to be proffered against Pole, they should be heard in England – as had been done with Cranmer.

33.
APC
, VI, p.137.

34.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland
(1898), I, 416.

35. Susan Brigden,
New Worlds, Lost Worlds
(2000), p. 218. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, p. 311.

36. BL Stowe MS 571, ff 77-132.

37. Juan de Pinedo to Fransisco de Vargas, 2 September 1557.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 317.

38. BL Stowe MS 571. This information is included in a note written on the document some years later by Richard Beale, then clerk of the council, saying that he had had it from Robert Davys, who had been Whightman’s assistant, ‘so the whole charge was borne by King Philip’ (f. 78).

39. Machyn,
Diary
, p.147.

40.
APC
, VI, pp. 141-2. A shortage of victuals appears to have been responsible.

41. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 376-8.

42. Ibid., p. 317. For a full discussion of these events see David Potter, ‘The Duc de Guise and the Fall of Calais’,
English Historical Review
, 98 (1983), pp. 481-512.

43. TNA SP69/11/699.

44. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, p. 317.

45. David Loades,
England’s Maritime Empire, 1490–1690
(2000), pp. 83-5.

46.
Cal. Ven
., VI, 1,396-7.

47. P. Morgan, ‘The Government of Calais, 1485–1558’ (Oxford University DPhil, 1967).

48. The Cardinal of Siguenza to the princess dowager of Portugal, 29 January 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 346-7.

49. Philip to Feria, 31 January 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 347. Feria to Philip, 2 February 1558, ibid., 349-51. For the possible influence of sickness upon this reluctance, see F. J. Fisher, ‘Influenza and Inflation in Tudor England’,
Economic History Review
, 2nd Series, 18 (1965).

50. BL Cotton MS, Titus B II, f. 59. Printed in G. Burnet,
The History of the Reformation in England
(1681), II, pp. 324-5.

51. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, pp. 144-8.

52. Feria to Philip, 5 July 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 402-3.

53. Feria to Philip, to March 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 366-8. It is clear that Feria’s hostile and suspicious attitude made a difficult situation worse, as he never troubled to conceal his contempt.

54. TNA SP11/14, no. 3.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 416-7.

55.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 369. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, p. 324.

56. Loades, ‘Philip II and the Government of England’, in Claire Cross, David Loades and J. J. Scarisbrick (eds),
Law and Government under the Tudors
(1988), pp. 177-94.

57. Arras to Feria, 26 May 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 388.

58.
APC
, VI, p. 303,13 April 1558. Ruy Gomez to the queen, 26 July 1558. TNA SP69/13/811 (English copy).

59. Loach,
Parliament and the Crown
, pp. 159-72.

60. Ibid., p. 161. 4 & 5 Philip and Mary, c.16.

61. L. O. Boynton,
The Elizabethan Militia, 1558–1638
(1967).

62. Feria to Philip, 2 February 1558.
Cal. Span
., XIII, 351.

63. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 161.

64. TNA SP11/11/57. Loades,
Reign of Mary
, p. 375. Mayer,
Reginald Pole
, pp. 320-1.

65. For a recent and favourable assessment of the church at the end of Mary’s reign, see Eamon Duffy,
Fires of Faith; Catholic England under Mary Tudor
(2009), pp. 171-187.

11 Mary & Elizabeth

1. For example the manors of Chingford, Runwell and Rivenhall in Essex, granted in March 1555.
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Philip and Mary
, I, p. 225. It was Giovanni Michieli from whom she obtained the coach. J. A. Rowley Williams, ‘Image and Reality: The Lives of Aristocratic Women in Early Tudor England’ (University of Wales PhD, 1998),p. 232.

2. TNA LC9/52/21.

3. Mayer,
Reginald Pole
, pp. 302-55.

4. Machyn,
Diary
, p. 143.

5. Ibid., p. 159. For a full discussion of this sermon and its significance, see Eamon Duffy, ‘Cardinal Pole Preaching: St Andrew’s Day 1557’, in Duffy and Loades,
The Church of Mary Tudor
, pp. 176-200.