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1. Mary from a group portrait of Henry VIII and his family, painted in about 1545. The female figure in the background is supposed to be her jester, Jane the Fool. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40 15001550.
2. Princess Elizabeth from the same family group, aged about ten. The figure in the background is supposed to be Henry’s jester, Will Somers. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40b 15001530.
3. Princess Elizabeth at about the time of her father’s death, aged twelve. By an unknown artist, in the Royal Collection. © Jonathan Reeve JR998b66fp56 15001600.
4. Edward VI from the same family group as illustrations 1 and 2. © Jonathan Reeve JR997b66fp40 15001550.
5. Holbein’s design for a jewelled pendant for Mary, probably executed during his first visit to England in 1527–8, when Mary was still the king’s heir. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.
6. Margaret Tudor, Mary’s aunt. She married James IV of Scotland, and after his death at Flodden in 1513, remarried Archibald, Earl of Angus. She was the grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots. From a drawing by an unknown artist. © Jonathan Reeve JR982b20p837 15001600.
7. Lady Jane Dudley (Grey). Put up by Edward as an alternative to Mary for the succession, she was defeated in July 1553, and executed after the Wyatt rising in February 1554, at the age of seventeen. © Jonathan Reeve JR1002b66fp107 15001600.
8. Edward’s ‘Device’ for the succession, naming Jane Grey as his heir. The document is in the king’s hand throughout, except for the amendments, which make all the difference to its meaning. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD2b20p987 15001550.
9. A page from Edward VI’s journal, for 18 March 1551, in which he refers to Mary and his dispute with her over the mass. © Jonathan Reeve JR2288b7p233 15501600.
10. A later pastiche of Henry VIII and Mary, based on portraits by Holbein and Hans Eworth. The figure in the background is again Will Somers. © Jonathan Reeve JR1019b66fp8 15001600.
11. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1546. A painting by Gerhard Flicke in the National Portrait Gallery. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.
12. Mary at the age of twenty-eight (in 1543), by the sergeant painter known as ‘Master John’. In the National Portrait Gallery. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.
13. Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York and lord chancellor. A drawing by Jacques le Boucq in the Bibilotheque d’Arras. © Jonathan Reeve JR1169b2p7 15001550.
14. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester and Mary’s lord chancellor, by an unknown artist. © Jonathan Reeve JR1001b66fp100.
15. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, by Hans Holbein. A fierce defender of Catherine’s marriage and of Mary’s legitimacy, he was executed by the king for treason in 1535. © Jonathan Reeve JR2299b4p681 15001600.
16. A cartoon of Thomas More and his family, executed in 1527–8. A painting based on this cartoon, was made by Rowland Lockey in 1593, and is now in the National Portrait Gallery. © Jonathan Reeve JR2295b2p137 15001600.
17. An allegorical representation of the betrothal of Mary to the Duke of Orléans, the second son of Francis I of France in 1527. © Jonathan Reeve JR2298b4p645T 15001600.
18. Third Succession Act (35 Henry VIII,
c
. 1), 1544. This was the act which designated Mary and Elizabeth to follow Edward if he should die without heirs, and broke new ground in that it authorised the succession of illegitimate children. © Jonathan Reeve JR1185b20p920 15001550.
19. A nineteenth-century representation of Mary entering London on 3 August 1553, having successfully overcome the challenge of Jane Grey. The kneeling figures are Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester. The third figure, concealed by Norfolk, is Edward Courtenay, the son of the Marquis of Exeter, who was released on the same day. © Jonathan Reeve JR2292b61p731 15501600.
20. A plan of Charing Cross from the ‘Ralph Agas’ map. After a brief skirmish at the Cross on 7 February 1554, Wyatt led his force down the Strand and Fleet Street, only to find the gate of the City held against him. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD3 893.
21. Mary’s instructions to John Russell, Earl of Bedford, sent to Spain in June 1555 to escort Prince Philip to England for his wedding. He is to brief Philip about the affairs of the kingdom. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD3 998.
22. Philip II as King of Spain, from a contemporary miniature. © Jonathan Reeve JR188b4p823 15501600.
23. The reverse of the Great Seal of Philip and Mary, used for the authentication of important documents in both their names. © Jonathan Reeve JR2300b4p721 15001600.
24. An equestrian portrait of Philip II. © Jonathan Reeve JR1051b66fp72 15001600.
25. Obverse side of the Great Seal.© Jonathan Reeve JR2301b20p996 15501600.
26. Passport for Richard Shelley to go into Spain, signed by both Philip and Mary. Shelley’s mission was to have been to announce the safe arrival of Queen Mary’s son, so the passport remained unused. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD3b20p999.
27. The charter of Philip and Mary confirming the foundation of Trinity College, Oxford, by Sir Thomas Pope, dated 28 March 1555. The ornate capital shows both sovereigns enthroned. © Jonathan Reeve JR2302b20p1001 15501600.
28. The title page of John Foxe’s
Ecclesiastical History
, better known as the
Acts and Monuments of the English Martyrs.
This was a revised and expanded version of the work originally published by John Day in 1563. © Jonathan Reeve JR985b20p1003 15001600.
29. The burning of Thomas Tompkyns, from the 1570 edition of the
Acts and Monuments
. The same woodcut was used for a number of victims. © Amberley Archive.
30. The burning of John Hooper at Gloucester on 9 February 1555. Hooper, who was former Bishop of Gloucester, was burned on a slow fire. He was one of the first victims to suffer. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD2b20p1004.
31. ‘The cruel burning of George Marsh’. Marsh was supposed to have been soaked in tar to make him burn more fiercely. From the 1570
A & M
. © Amberley Archive.
32. The burning of Ridley and Latimer at Oxford on 16 October 1555. The sermon was preached by Richard Smith, who had been driven from his Regius Chair in Edward’s time for his Catholic beliefs. © Jonathan Reeve JRCD2b20p1005.
33. The burning of John Rogers on 4 February 1555. Rogers was the first Protestant to be burned, and the example of his courage inspired many to follow him. From the 1570 edition of the
A & M
. © Amberley Archive.
34. The burning of Margery Polley. A number of Foxe’s martyrs were women, and he emphasises how the Holy Spirit helped them to overcome their natural ‘imbecility’. © Amberley Archive.
35. The burning of Rowland Taylor. Taylor was taken down to Hadley to suffer where he had ministered, with the intention of making an example of him. The evidence suggests that this did not work. © Amberley Archive.
36. The burning of Margaret Thurston and Agnes Bongeor at Colchester. Esseex was a strong centre of Protestantism in Mary’s reign, and a number of men and women deliberately provoked the authorities to act against them. © Amberley Archive.
37. The racking of Cuthbert Simpson. The use of torture on the victims was unusual, but Simpson was the deacon of the London congregation, and he was racked (unsuccessfully) to make him reveal their names. © Amberley Archive.
38. ‘Strait handling’ was more common, as this reconstruction of the ordeal of prisoners in the Lollards’ Tower at Lambeth makes plain. © Amberley Archive.
39. An account of the disputation held at Oxford in April 1554. This extract is from the exchanges between Hugh Latimer and Richard Smith, with Dr Weston as Prolocutor. It was from this manuscript that Foxe printed his version. © Jonathan Reeve JR2289b7p277 15501600.
40. A lively depiction of the burning of Thomas Haukes in June 1555. Haukes was one of the few gentlemen to suffer during the persecution. Most protestants of that status fled abroad. © Amberley Archive.
41. One of the most appalling atrocities of the persecution was the burning of a pregnant Margaret Cauches on Guernsey. The hapless woman gave birth in the flames, and her infant perished as well. An enquiry was launched under Elizabeth, from which most of our knowledge of the incident is derived. © Amberley Archive.
42. The burning of Thomas Tompkyns’ hand by Bishop Bonner. This example of Bonner’s alleged cruelty was a part of Foxe’s campaign against the Bishop. Whether the incident actually occurred is uncertain. © Jonathan Reeve JR239b7p321 15501600.
43. Richmond Palace. © Jonathan Reeve JR2297b2p233T 15001600.
44. Calais and its harbour, from a sixteenth-century drawing. It was the loss of Rysbank (the tower in the middle of the picture) which sealed the fate of Calais during its capture by the French in January 1558. © Jonathan Reeve JR1186b20p1009 15001550.
45. Hampton Court, acquired by Henry in 1525, and subsequently much rebuilt. Edward VI was born there in September 1537. © Jonathan Reeve JR2296b2p232 15001600.
46. Henry VII, Mary’s grandfather, from the cartoon by Holbein in the National Portrait Gallery. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.
47. Henry VIII. A statue in the great gate at Trinity College, Cambridge (a royal foundation), showing a mature Henry. About 1541. © Elizabeth Norton & The Amberley Archive.
48. Catherine of Aragon, Mary’s mother, showing her as a mature woman, about 1520. By an unknown artist. © Ripon Cathedral.
49. Anne Boleyn, Henry’s second wife and Mary’s
bête noire
. She was reckoned to be ‘no great beauty’. By an unknown artist. © Ripon Cathedral.